Structure and function of cell organelles Flashcards
list the six levels of organisation from smallest to largest
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, system level, organismal level
List the three main functions of the cell membrane
- gives the cell shape and protects the cell
- controlling what enters and leaves the cell
- communicates and responds to the environment (including other body cells)
What are the three main parts of animal and human cells?
nucleus
cell membrane
cytoplasm (which contains everything else)
What is the function of the nucleus?
Helps control what cellular events happen and when they happen
Name the the main parts of the nucleus
Nucleus - large bit in middle
Nucleolus - ball in the middle
Nuclear membrane - outer shell
State the function of the nuclear membrane
controls what enters and leaves the nucleus
State the function of the nucleoli (nucleolus)
Inside the nucleus are one to for nucleoli which synthesis a part of the ribosomes
What are chromosomes
The genetic makeup of DNA
What happens to chromosomes during cell division
during cell division each chromosome duplicates yet remains as a single structure
How many chromosomes do human cells contain?
46 chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes)
What are the sex chromosomes?
XX - female
YY - male
What is the function of ribosomes?
synthesise proteins
Where are ribosomes found
- freely in the cytoplasm
- attached to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
synthesise proteins and to transport them using transport vesicles to the Golgi bodies prior to secretion.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
The ER is a system of membranes which form tubules running through the cytoplasm. If membranes are coated with ribosomes the ER is known as rough ER. If it lacks ribosomes it is known as the smooth ER.
What is the Golgi body (apparatus)?
A series of membrane-bounded saccules in the cytoplasm.
What is the function of the Golgi body?
receives proteins and lipids from the RER and SER and packages them up in membrane-bounded parcels known as secretory vesicles.
What is the function of the secretory vesicles?
Transport the secretary products to the cell membrane and release them from the cell, or remain in the cytoplasm as lysosomes
What is a lysosome?
Lysosomes are vesicles pinched off from the Golgi body containing digestive enzymes (proteins)
What is the function of a lysosome?
Digest unwanted cellular materials
what is the mitochondria
sausage-shaped organelles found in the cytoplasm. Contain enzymes to catalyse two of the stages of aerobic cellular respiration. The main site for release of energy from food molecules (using oxygen)
State the function of the mitochondria
Cell can use energy in ATP to do cell work. Mitochondria are known as the ‘power-houses’ of the cell. Cells with high energy requirements have lots of mitochondria
what is ATP?
ATP is the chemical energy currency of the cell, powering the cells metabolic activates
State a major function of the secretory vesicle
Stores molecules and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
State a major function of the nucleus
Helps control cellular events (when and where they happen)
State a major function of the nuclear membrane
Barrier separating contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm
State a major function of the nucleolus
Produce and assemble the cells ribosomes
State a major function of the RER
synthesises proteins that are transported to Golgi complex prior to secretion from the cell
State a major function of the ribosome
Helps synthesise protein
State a major function of the Golgi body
Receives proteins from RER and lipids from SER. Packages proteins and lipids into secretory vesicles for secretion from the cell
State a major function of the cell membrane
controls what enters and exits the cell
State a major function of the microfilament
plays a big role in cytokinesis and shape and rigidity of the cell
State a major function of the flagellum
propels sperm cell alone female reproductive tract
State a major function of the microvilli
increase surface area of the cell
helps increase rate of secretion and absorption
State a major function of the centrioles
organise microtubules of spindle fibres which help seperate duplicated chromosomes during cell division
State a major function of the mitochondria
main site for release of energy from food molecules. Energy trapped in phosphate bonds of molecules. ATP
State a major function of the lysosomes
Vesicles pinched off from Golgi body containing digestive enzymes (proteins)
digest unwanted cellular material
State a major function of the SER
manufactures lipid (fats, oils, steroids) which are sent to Golgi complex for processing and secretion from the cell
