Week Two - Health Belies, Behaviour & Promotion Flashcards
What are the 3 types of health behaviours?
health behaviour
illness behaviour
sick role behaviour
Define health behaviour, illness behaviour and sick role behaviour
Aims to prevent disease (e.g., eating healthy)
Aims to seek remedy (e.g., going to the doctor)
Aims at getting well (e.g., taking medication)
What are health impairing habits?
Behavioural pathogens e.g., smoking
What are health protective behaviours?
Behavioural immunogens e.g., health checks
What is important about Health Beliefs?
They are the key predictors of behaviour
What are the 4 health beliefs?
attributions
risk perception
motivation and self-determination
self-efficacy
Define the Health Belief - Attribution
The motivation to see the social world as predictable and controllable.
Two states:
Internal (attributing situation to our own ability)
External (understand the cause of the situation is external)
health = internal illness = external
Define the Health Belief - Risk Perception
A person’s perception of whether or not they are susceptible to a given health problem
Can over or underestimate risks and have inaccurate perceptions (unrealistic optimism)
People believe risky behaviours can be neutralised or compensated for.
Explain risk compensation
I can eat chocolate because i play tennis
Define the Health Belief - Motivation and Self-Determination
Brings about autonomous motivations: The want to engage in personally relevant goals e.g., eating healthy.
Correlated with sense of wellbeing and persistent health related behaviours
Define the Health Belief - Self-Efficacy
Feeling confident in one’s ability to engage in any given behaviour.
What are the 2 stage models?
What do stage models propose?
SOC
HAPA
Consider individuals to be at different ordered stages and describe how they move through these stages as they change their behaviour.
What are the 3 Social Cognition models?
What do they examine?
What are the 3 factors that the models suggest behaviour is governed by?
HBM
PMT
TOPB
The predictors and precursors to health behaviours and take a continuum approach to behaviour change
Suggests that behaviour is governed by expectancies, incentives and social cognition
Define the SOC Model
Pre-Contemplation: Not intending to make any changes
Contemplation: Considering change
Preparation: Making small changes
Action: Actively engaging in new behaviour
Maintenance: Sustaining the change over time
These do not occur in a linear fashion.
Explain the Health Action Process Approach
Emphasises self-efficacy and attempts to predict both behavioural intentions and actual behaviour.
Makes a distinction between decision-making/motivational stage and and action/maintenance stage
What are the components of the motivational stage in HAPA?
Self efficacy
outcome expectancies
threat appraisal (severity and susceptibility beliefs)
What are the components of the action stage in HAPA?
volitional of cognitive aspect, the action plan i.e., trying to see the bad
action control mechanism ie., reminding
situational factors (social support and situational barriers)
What are expectancies?
The expectancy of a behaviour; what it can do, am i capable
What are incentives?
Motivational factors that refer to the consequences of a given behaviour
What are social cognitions?
Reflect someone’s views on how others perceive the behaviour
Define the HBM
Predicts that health behaviour is a result of a set of core beliefs:
Susceptibility Severity Costs Benefits Cues to action (symptoms)
Define the PMT
Is like the HBM but adds an additional component
severity
susceptibility
response-effectiveness (eg. changing my diet would improve my health)
self-efficacy (eg. i am confident i can change my diet)
fear (eg. i am scared of getting cancer)
What is the TOPB?
Emphasises behavioural intentions as the outcome of a combination of several beliefs.
Proposes that intentions should be conceptualised as plans of actions in pursuit of behavioural goals.
TOPB suggests what 3 concepts predict behavioural intentions?
Attitude toward a behaviour (e.g., exercise i fun, will improve my health)
Subjective norm (e.g., people who are important will approve)
Perceived behavioural control (e.g., belief the individual can carry out behaviour based on internal (skills) and external (obstacles)
Explain the COMB Model?
Suggests these 3 predict behaviour:
Capability
Opportunity (environment that enables the behaviour)
Motivation
Why do we need to change behaviour?
to prevent illness
to manage illness
to reduce physical symptoms
improve wellbeing
What is reinforcement in the context of behaviour change?
Positively reinforcing the desired behaviour and ignoring the less desired behaviour.
Explain Modelling
Vicarious/observational learning which influences behaviour
Explain Classical Conditioning
Learning of associations between unconditioned and neutral stimuli.
Explain exposure
Exposure to a given behaviour or skill can change future behaviour.
Explain CBT
The notion that maladaptive behaviour is maintained by distorted cognitions and a vicious cycle between thoughts and behaviours which is perpetuated by irrational self-talk.
What are the 6 ‘irrational thoughts’ examples
selective abstraction: ‘drinking alc is the only way i can unwind after work’
dichotomous reasoning: ‘if i am not in complete control, i will lose all control’
overgeneralisation: ‘i failed last night so i will ail today’
magnification: ‘stopping smoking will push me over the brink’
superstitious thinking: ‘if i do exercise i will have another heart attack’
personalisation: ‘they were laughing, the must be laughing at me’
How will a therapist change irrational thoughts?
Ask questions aimed to facilitate a change in THINKING.
Intentions are important in social cognition models such as PMT and TPB. However, there is often a gap between intention and behaviour. How have these models attempted to close this gap?
to close the gap, behaviour change interventions based on these models have used implementation intention interventions, which describe the what and the when of a particular behaviour
“I intend to eat healthily” BECOMES “I will start to eat healthily by having a salad tomorrow at lunchtime”
What is one of the main criticisms of approaches to behaviour change?
They do not address an individual’s emotions and consider people to just be rational processors of information
What is something a lot of health promotion campaigns use to change behaviour?
Fear
What is a problem with using Fear as a behaviour change method?
Creates blocking - people often resist, block, avoid or ignore and find faults in fear messages
What is Health Promotion?
Any event, process or activity that facilitates the protection or improvement of the health status of people
What is the objective of Health Promotion?
To prolong life and improve quality of life by reducing the effects of illness
What are the 2 approaches of health promotion?
Behaviour change approach
Community development approach (Public health interventions)
What does the Community development approach aim to do?
Improve and promote health by addressing socio-economic and environmental determinants of health within the community
What are some barriers to community health and wellbeing?
lack of access to: affordable facilities and services (education, medical, housing)
community attitudes (lack of confidence, awareness, motivation)
lack of connection between people and groups
time management issues
Much of our behaviour is shaped by learning, which takes different forms. Cognitive theory then adds to this approach by exploring how people think. The combination of learning theory and cognitive theory can be used to design powerful strategies for behaviour change.
- What are the 5 concepts within the learning theory?
- What is the main cognitive theory model?
Reinforcement Incentives Modelling Classical Conditioning Exposure
CBT
