Week Seven - Chronic Illness (CVD & Obesity) Flashcards
What is CVD?
A broad category that involves diseases affecting heart or blood vessels
What is CHD?
A disease occurring when the walls of the coronary arteries become narrowed by a gradual build-up o fatty material called atheroma
What are the main forms of CHD?
Angine: pain in chest sometimes radiating down the left arm
Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI, heart attack)
Sudden cardiac death: most occurs after previous MI’s
Heart failure
What is the leading cause of death gloally
CHD
What kinds of stress has an impact on CHD onset?
family related and personal and work
What are conventional predictors of CHD?
smoking
high cholesterol
hypertension
physical inactivity
The prognosis of CHD is associated with which psychosocial factors?
Depression
social isolation
lack of quality social support
What is the most commonly occurring disease with CHD?
Diabetes
What are the effects of telehealth/medicine interventions?
reduced rates of mortality and hospitalisations reduced bmi and weight increased smoking cessation medication adherence increased quality of life
What are the effects of smart phone interventions?
short to medium term of evidence of effectiveness in reducing BMI, increasing and maintaining PA and weight loss
What are the effects of web/internet based interventions?
small but significant effects on health related behaviours
Issues with ICT interventions
bias toward higher income people
small sample sizes
poor usability and retention
lack of implementation
Patients with lower physical health quality of life were typically who?
older
unemployed
lower self-confidence
no intention to engage in PA in the next 6 months
Patients with lower mental health quality of life were typically who?
younger
baseline mental health QOL
depressed
lower social support
What does pre-surgical depression predict?
Cardiac hospitalisation, continued surgical plain, failure to return to previous activity and depression at six months
What have studies compared low social support to in relation to CHD?
many classic risk factors such as elevated cholesterol, tobacco use and hypertension
What is the relationship between anger/hostility and CHD?
Those with anger/hostility had a 58% greater risk of secondary events
What was the main difference between those who has ‘better’ life compared to those who had ‘worse’ (CHD)?
those who had better recognised mortality, had stress reduction and healthier living
those who had worse had a restricted lifestyle, and loss and burden
What do CHD interventions need to address?
Depression as it is typically comorbid
What is planning?
A prospective sel-regulatory strategy, a mental stimulation of linking concrete responses to future situations
What is action planning?
Can help initiate action by specifying when, where and how to act
synonymous with implementation intentions
What is coping planning?
Can help a person to overcome obstacles and cope with difficulties by anticipating situations that put intended behaviour at risk
Explain the relationship/benefits of action and coping plans
Action plans are more influential early in the rehabilitation process, where coping plans were more instrumental later on
people with higher levels of coping planning after discharge were more likely to report higher levels of exercise 4 months after discharge
What are SMART goals?
Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Timely
Relationship between smart goals and CHD?
Those who set SMART goals were most motivated to change
What is the most widely method to assess a persons weight?
BMI
What are the BMI classifications?
Underweight = -18.5 Normal = 18.5-24.9 Overweight = 25-29.9 Obese = 30-34.9 Severely Obese = 35-39.9 Morbidly Obese = 4-+
Where is obesity on the rise?
low income countries
Why is obesity rising?
Due to the rising cost of food as well as food scarcity
What are the top 3 obese countries?
Nauru
Cook Islands
Palau
What do health programs target with obesity?
Healthy diet
PA
depression management
What does an Obesogenic environment look like?
Sedentary lifestyle less manual labour more car use mobiles less cooking
What is the pooled mean difference in weight loss as 12 months for interventions targeting obesity?
2.8kg
What approaches have been effective for weight loss?
calorie counting
dietician
behaviour change techniques
What is a big problem with weight loss programs?
relapse
What psychosocial factors predict better maintenance and reduced relapse after intervention?
higher levels of autonomous motivation
self-efficacy for coping with barriers
self-regulation skills
positive body image
What incorporations do the most successful interventions have?
the incorporation of a multilevel approach targeting individual, social and environmental influences
Which elements of a built environment encourage PA?
facility accessibility
opportunities for being active
safety
aesthetics
What is the Diabetes Prevention Program?
A comprehensive array of behavioural techniques in an individual case management by lifestyle coaches.
Those who are at a high risk for T2D can prevent/delay by losing a modest amount of weight through lifestyle changes and metformin.
