Week Six - Chronic Illness (HIV & Cancer) Flashcards
What is a Chronic Disease?
A disease lasting 3 months or more, generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication, nor do they just disappear
What is a non-communicable disease?
A non-infectious health condition that cannot be spread from person to person
What is HIV?
A lentivirus which binds to T helper cells of the immune system leading to aids if left untreated
What are some symptoms of HIV?
Fever
Chills
Rash
Aches
Explain the 3 stages of HIV
Acute: very contagious, can be asymptomatic
Chronic: immune system becomes overloaded
AIDS
How to prevent HIV/AIDS
reducing number of sexual partners
not sharing needles
using condoms
pre-exposure prophylaxis (daily taken medicine)
post-exposure prophylaxis (up to 72 hours after exposure)
How many people die from HIV a year?
Nearly 1 million
How many people are living with HIV/AIDS?
37 million
Which people are at risk of HIV but hard to reach?
sex workers
prison people
gays (men)
transgender
Lifestyle factors that speed up progression of AIDS?
drugs
unsafe sex
unhealthy behaviours
stress
Risk populations vary widely by geographic region, this diversity may be due to what?
the infectiousness of the virus itself
stage of the epidemic
effectiveness of the interventions used
The risk environment model asserts four types of environmental influences that explain HIV transmission- what are they?
physical
social
economic
policy
These interact at micro and macro levels to explain HIV transmission
Explain Macro-level environments
encompasses structural factors e.g., laws, gov policies, economic conditions, cultural beleifs
Explain Micro-level environments
focuses on personal decisions and influence of community-level norms and practices
What is the most frequently used model for HIV interventions?
Social Cognitive Theory
Explain the AIDS risk reduction Model
Incorporates several variables form other behaviour theories and consist of 3 stages:
provides a framework for explaining & predicting behaviour change efforts especially sexual transmission of HIV/AIDS
1) labelling of high-risk as problematic
2) making a commitment to changing high-risk behaviours
3) seeking and enacting solutions directed at reducing high-risk activities
also considers knowledge of risks, susceptibility, costs and benefits, self-efficacy beliefs, emotional states, social factors
What percentage of adherence to medication is required for viral suppression and reduced infectiousness?
85-95%
What are barriers to adherence?
Patient related (e.g., self efficacy) Medication related (e.g., regimen complexity) Schedule related (e.g., busy) Social related (e.g., poor SS)
Predictors of better outcome in HIV
being employed higher income SS coping PA
What is the Cognitive Behavioural Stress Management model?
Focuses on reducing stress and teaching cognitive coping skills, enhance perceived environmental control, self efficacy and positive SS
Relaxation skills & social skills training
Skills for self-monitoring of environmental stressors
Cognitive restructuring techniques
Who is more likely to engage in high risk sexual behaviours?
Individuals who experience multiple comorbid conditions
What is meaning-focused coping?
generates positive emotions and their underlying appraisals - influencing the stress process by restoring coping resources and providing motivation needed to sustain coping long term
Risk factors for cancer
physical inactivity poor nutrition smoking heaving drinking obesity stress poor social involvement
What is cancer?
A progressive loss of cell shape and function in which they travel and spread through the blood.
What are the stages of Cancer
early stage - better prognosis and recovery
regional/advanced
advanced - spread throughout body
What are immune checkpoint inhibitors?
They allow immune cells to respond more strongly to cancer
What is T cell transfer therapy?
Cells taken from the tumour, enhanced and put back into tumour
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Immune system proteins created in a lab to bind to targets on cancer cells
What does targeted therapy for cancer do?
Targets proteins that control cell growth combined of small molecular drugs or monoclonal antibodies
What is psycho-oncology?
exploration of psychological and social factors associated with cancer adjustment
What are some short-term adjustment issues of cancer?
mood disturbance
worries, body image, exuality
partner problems
What are some long-term adjustment issues of cancer?
mood improves in most
sexual dysfunction
poor body image
existential concerns
Interventions aimed at improving patients adjustment to cancer help with..
reducing anxiety
depression
improving mood
improving quality of life
Physical activity increases what? (cancer)
functional capacity during chemotherapy:
- decreased complications
- decreases fatigue
Effects of CBT on patients with breast cancer?
enhanced benefit findings
increased optimism
reduced moderate depression
Key aspect of online interventions to ensure effectiveness
content needs to be specific to patients changing needs and delivered at the right stage of cancer trajectory
