Week Two

Question 1

What is the Pelvic Gridle?

Answer 1

-Bony ring formed by the sacrum and the hip bones which are connected anteriorly at the pubic symphysis

Question 2

Movements of the Pelvic Gridle

Answer 2

‐Anterior pelvic rotation/tilt
‐Lateral pelvic rotation/tilt
‐Posterior pelvic rotation/tilt

Question 3

Functions of the Pelvic Gridle

Answer 3

‐Weight bearing
‐Weight transference
‐Protection

Question 4

What does Coxa vara do?

Answer 4

-Decreased angle of inclination

Question 5

What does Coxa valga do?

Answer 5

-Increased angle of inclination

Question 6

What is the angle of inclination in an adult and old age?

Answer 6

Adult= 126 degrees
Elderly= 120 degrees

Question 7

Describe where the joints of the pelvic gridle are

Answer 7

• Hip joint
• Lumbosacral joint
• Sacro-iliac joint
• Pubic symphysis
• Sacrococcygeal joint-symphysis

Question 8

What is the Acetabular Lambrum mainly comprised of?

Answer 8

Mainly fibrocartilage around the acetabular rim.

Question 9

What are the muscles of the iliac region?

Answer 9

• Psoas minor
• Psoas major
• Iliacus

Question 10

What is the Psoas minor’s distal and proximal attachements?

Answer 10

• Proximal: sides of bodies of T12 and L1 vertebrae and intervertebral (IV) disc
• Distal: pecten pubis (pectineal line) and iliopubic eminence

Question 11

What is the Psoas minor’s action?

Answer 11

-Action: weak trunk flexor and hip stabiliser

Question 12

What is the Psoas minor’s nerve supply?

Answer 12

-NS: anterior rami of lumbar nerves (L1, L2)

Question 13

What is the Psoas major’s distal and proximal attachements?

Answer 13

• P: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae; sides of bodies of vertebrae T12‐L5 and IV discs in between
• D: lesser trochanter of femur

Question 14

What is the Psoas major’s action?

Answer 14

-Action: hip/trunk flexion

Question 15

What is the Psoas major’s nerve supply?

Answer 15

-NS: anterior rami of lumbar nerves L1‐L3

Question 16

What is the iliacus distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 16

• P: superior 2/3 of iliac fossa, ala of sacrum and sacro‐iliac ligaments
• D: lesser trochanter of femur

Question 17

What is the iliacus action?

Answer 17

-Action: hip flexion and stabilise hip

Question 18

What is the iliacus nerve supply?

Answer 18

-NS: femoral nerve

Question 19

What are the muscles of the medial thigh region?

Answer 19

• Pectineus
• Gracilis
• Adductor Longus
• Adductor Brevis
• Adductor Magnus

Question 20

What is the pectineus distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 20

• P: superior ramus of the pubis

- D: pectineal line of femur, inferior to lesser trochanter

Question 21

What is the pectineus action?

Answer 21

-Action: adducts and flexes hip; assist medial rotation of hip

Question 22

What is the pectineus nerve supply?

Answer 22

-NS: femoral nerve

Question 23

What is the gracilis distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 23

• P: body and inferior ramus of pubis

- D: anterior surface of medial condyle of tibia

Question 24

What is the gracilis action?

Answer 24

-Action: hip adduction, knee flexion and medial rotation

Question 25

What is the gracilis nerve supply?

Answer 25

-NS: obturator nerve

Question 26

What is the adductor longus distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 26

- P: lateral aspect of body of pubis inferior to pubic crest - D: middle 1/3 of linea aspera of femur

Question 27

What is the adductor longus action?

Answer 27

-Action: hip adduction

Question 28

What is the adductor longus nerve supply?

Answer 28

-NS: obturator nerve

Question 29

What is the adductor brevis distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 29

- P: body and inferior ramus of pubis | - D: pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur

Question 30

What is the adductor brevis action?

Answer 30

-Action: hip adduction

Question 31

What is the adductor brevis nerve supply?

Answer 31

-NS: obturator nerve

Question 32

What is the adductor magnus distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 32

- P Adductor Part: inferior ramus of pubis and ramus of ischium - P Hamstring Part: ischial tuberosity - D Adductor Part: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line - D Hamstring Part: adductor tubercle of femur

Question 33

What is the adductor magnus action?

Answer 33

-Action: hip adduction and extension

Question 34

What is the adductor magnus nerve supply?

Answer 34

-NS: obturator nerve

Question 35

What do the muscles of the superficial gluteal region do?

Answer 35

-These muscles of the gluteal region extend, abduct and medially rotate the hip.

Question 36

What are the muscles of the superficial gluteal region?

Answer 36

- Tensor Fasciae Latae - Gluteus Maximus - Iliotibial Band - Gluteus Medius

Question 37

What is the Tensor Fasciae Latae distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 37

- P: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and anterior part of iliac crest - D: iliotibial band which attaches to the anterolateral tubercle of the tibia (Gerdy’s tubercle)

Question 38

What is the Tensor Fasciae Latae action and function?

Answer 38

- Action: hip flexion, abduction and medial rotation | - Function: keeps ipsilateral pelvis level when standing on one leg

Question 39

What is the Tensor Fasciae Latae nerve supply?

Answer 39

-NS: superior gluteal nerve

Question 40

What is the Gluteus Maximus distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 40

- P: ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line, dorsal sacrum and coccyx, erector spinae aponeurosis and sacrotuberous ligament - D: iliotibial band and gluteal tuberosity

Question 41

What is the Gluteus Maximus action?

Answer 41

-Action: hip extension and lateral rotation

Question 42

What is the Gluteus Maximus nerve supply?

Answer 42

-NS: inferior gluteal nerve

Question 43

What is the Iliotibial Band distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 43

- Attaches at the anterolateral tubercle of the tibia and to the femur via the lateral intermuscular septum - The common distal attachment / insertion of gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae

Question 44

What is the Iliotibial Band function?

Answer 44

-Stabilises the lateral aspect of the extended knee

Question 45

What is the Gluteus Medius distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 45

- P: external surface of ilium between posterior and anterior gluteal lines - D: lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur

Question 46

What is the Gluteus Medius action?

Answer 46

-Action: hip extension, abduction, rotation, keeps ipsilateral pelvis level when standing on one leg

Question 47

What is the Gluteus Medius nerve supply?

Answer 47

-NS: superior gluteal nerve

Question 48

What is the extensor of the hip?

Answer 48

-Gluteus Minimums

Question 49

What is the Gluteus Minimums distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 49

- P: external surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines - D: anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur

Question 50

What is the Gluteus Minimums action?

Answer 50

-Action: hip abductor and medial rot.

Question 51

What is the Gluteus Minimums nerve supply?

Answer 51

-NS: superior gluteal nerve

Question 52

When walking what is the role of the hip abductors?

Answer 52

-Prevent drop of the contralateral hip -Damage to the superior gluteal nerve causes drop of the contralateral hip during single leg stance =Trendelenburg sign

Question 53

What are the deep gluteal muscles?

Answer 53

- Lateral Rotators - Piriformis - Superior Gemellus - Obturator Internus - Inferior Gemellus - Guadratus Femoris - Obturator Externus

Question 54

What is the Lateral Rotators funtion?

Answer 54

- Stabilise the femoral head in the acetabulum | - The sixth lateral rotator is obturator externus

Question 55

What is the Piriformis distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 55

- P: anterior surface of sacrum | - D: superior border of greater trochanter of femur

Question 56

What is the Piriformis action?

Answer 56

-Action: hip lateral rotation

Question 57

What is the Piriformis nerve supply?

Answer 57

-NS: branches of anterior rami of S1, S2 | o Sciatic nerve passes under, over or through piriformis

Question 58

What is the Superior Gemellus distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 58

- P: ischial spine | - D: trochanteric fossa of femur

Question 59

What is the Superior Gemellus action?

Answer 59

-Action: hip lateral rotation

Question 60

What is the Superior Gemellus nerve supply?

Answer 60

-NS: nerve to obturator internus

Question 61

What is the Obturator Internus distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 61

- P: internal surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bones - D: trochanteric fossa of femur

Question 62

What is the Obturator Internus action?

Answer 62

-Action: hip lateral rotation

Question 63

What is the Obturator Internus nerve supply?

Answer 63

-NS: nerve to obturator internus

Question 64

What is the Inferior Gemellus distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 64

- P: ischial tuberosity | - D: trochanteric fossa of femur

Question 65

What is the Inferior Gemellus action?

Answer 65

-Action: hip lateral rotation

Question 66

What is the Inferior Gemellus nerve supply?

Answer 66

-NS: nerve to quadratus femoris

Question 67

What is the Quadratus Femoris distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 67

- P: lateral border of ischial tuberosity | - D: quadrate tubercle

Question 68

What is the Quadratus Femoris action?

Answer 68

-Action: hip lateral rotation

Question 69

What is the Quadratus Femoris nerve supply?

Answer 69

-NS: nerve to quadratus femoris

Question 70

What is the Obturator Externus distal and proximal attachments?

Answer 70

- P: external margin of obturator foramen and obturator membrane - D: trochanteric fossa of femur

Question 71

What is the Obturator Externus action?

Answer 71

-Action: hip lateral rotation and stabilise hip

Question 72

What is the Obturator Externus nerve supply

Answer 72

-NS: obturator nerve