Week Three (Metabolism)

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

Energy production in organisms through multiple chemical pathways

Question 2

Catabolic Processes

Answer 2

Breakdown

Question 3

Anabolic Processes

Answer 3

Buildup

Question 4

Entropy

Answer 4

Measure of how dispersed energy is

Question 5

Entropy Equation

Answer 5

^S=Q/T

Question 6

Gibbs free energy

Answer 6

Portion of system’s energy that can perform work (DOES NOT TELL YOU RATE OF REACTION)

Question 7

Activation Energy

Answer 7

Energy required to start chemical reaction

Question 8

Activation energy and rate of reaction

Answer 8

Greater amount of activation energy = slower reaction energy

Question 9

Function of Enzymes

Answer 9

Biological catalysts that lower activation energy

Question 10

How to enzymes lower activation energy

Answer 10

Correcting orientation, distorting substrate bonds, directly participate in reaction

Question 11

How are enzymes regulated

Answer 11

Inhibition and allosteric regulation

Question 12

Competitive Inhibition

Answer 12

Blocking active site

Question 13

Noncompetitive Inhibition

Answer 13

Interacts at another site, changing shape of enzyme

Question 14

Allosteric Regulation

Answer 14

Regulatory molecules bond to enzyme and influence activity

Question 15

Feedback Inhibition

Answer 15

Regulatory molecule is end product of same metabolic pathway

Question 16

Importance of ATP to cellular energetics

Answer 16

Provides energy stored in phosphate bonds (

Question 17

How does ATP provide energy

Answer 17

Energy coupling, forming lower energy bonds from high energy bonds (having energy left over)

Question 18

ATP Hydrolysis

Answer 18

Perform work through changing protein shape/ phosphorylated intermediates

Question 19

Principles of oxidation and reduction reactions

Answer 19

OIL RIG (oxidation is loss, reduction is gain)

Question 20

Reducing Agent

Answer 20

Electron donor (becomes oxidized)

Question 21

Oxidizing Agent

Answer 21

Electron acceptor (becomes reduced)

Question 22

Electron carriers in cellular respiration

Answer 22

NAD+ and FAD+

Question 23

Role of electron carriers

Answer 23

Accepting electrons from breakdown of molecules in cellular respiration

Question 24

Overview of Glycolysis

Answer 24

Breakdown of glycolysis into 2 pyruvate

Question 25

2 phases of glycolysis

Answer 25

Energy investment and energy payoff

Question 26

What is the redox reaction in glycolysis?

Answer 26

Forming 2 NADH

Question 27

Explain substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 27

Directly forming ATP (PEP+ADP->ATP +pyruvate)

Question 28

Overall reaction of glycolysis

Answer 28

glucose+2NAD+2ADP+2P -> 2ATP+2NADH+2H+2H2O+2pyruvate

Question 29

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

Answer 29

Mitochondria in eukaryotes, cytosol in prokaryotes

Question 30

Overall reaction of pyruvate oxidation

Answer 30

2pyruvate+2CoA+2NAD -> 2NADH+2CO2+2H+2acetylCoA

Question 31

Start and end of citric acid cycle

Answer 31

Oxaloactetate

Question 32

Overall reaction of the citric acid cycle

Answer 32

2acetylCoA+6NAD+2ADP+2P+2FAD+2H2O -> 2ATP+2FADH2+6NADH+2H+4CO2+2CoA

Question 33

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 33

Making ATP from NADH and FADH2

Question 34

2 stages of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 34

Electron transport chain (transfer of e- to O2 through redox reactions)

Chemiosmosis (diffusion of protons down electrochemical gradient using proton motive force)

Question 35

Payout of Chemiosmosis

Answer 35

NADH makes 2.5 ATP, FADH2 makes 1.5 ATP

Question 36

How is cellular respiration regulated

Answer 36

Phosphofructokinase which is allosterically regulated positively by AMP and negetively by ATP and citrate

Question 37

Differences between aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation

Answer 37

Oxygen use, location, energy yield, end products and occurence in organism

Question 38

Similarity in aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation

Answer 38

Starting point (glycolysis)