Week One (Part Three)

Question 1

Dysphagia

Description:

Answer 1

Difficulty in swallowing

Question 2

Dysphagia

Cause(s) (Etiology):

Answer 2

Damage to cranial nerve V, IX, X, XII

Stricture of the tube (i.e. chemically or from a tumor)

Question 3

Achalasia

Description:

Answer 3

Failure of the lower sphincter to relax.

Can contribute to dysphagia

Question 4

Esophageal Diverticulum

Cause (Etiology):

Answer 4

Weakness of the muscularis layer

Question 5

Esophageal Diverticulum

Mechanism (Pathology):

Answer 5

Outpouching of the esophageal wall leading to food retention

Question 6

Gastroesophageal Reflux

Cause(s) (Etiology):

Answer 6

Backward movement of gastric contents into the esophagus leading to heartburn (esophagitis)

Question 7

Gastroesophageal Reflux

Mechanism (Pathology):

Answer 7

Weak or incompetent lower esophageal sphincter

Question 8

Gastroesophageal Reflux

Complication:

Answer 8

Barrett’s esophagus

Question 9

Cancer (of the Esophagus)

Contributing Factor:

Answer 9

Chronic irritation of the mucosa

Question 10

Gastric Mucosal Barrier (Stomach)

Description:

Answer 10

Protects the stomach from HCL and pepsin. Composed of impermeable epithelial cells and mucus coat.

Regulation of acid and HCO3 secretion

Question 11

Impermeable Epithelial Cell
(Gastric Mucosal Barrier)

Structure:

Answer 11

Tight junctions

Impermeable hydrophobic lipid layer

Question 12

Mucus Coat
(Gastric Mucosal Barrier)

Structure:

Answer 12

Water insoluble mucus

Water soluble mucus

Question 13

Mucus Coat
(Gastric Mucosal Barrier)

Water Insoluble Mucus (Function):

Answer 13

Protect the gastric mucosa from pepsin
Trap HCO3 (alkaline) to neutralize HCL

Question 14

Mucus Coat
(Gastric Mucosal Barrier)

Water Soluble Mucus (Function):

Answer 14

Protect gastric mucosa from mechanical damage