Week Five (Part Two)

Question 1

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)

Types (General)

Answer 1

Type 1 (Juvenile)
Type 2 (Senile)
Gestational
Others (Disease of Pancreas, Endocrine Disorders, Drugs)

Question 2

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)

Type 1 (Juvenile)
Onset & Etiology:

Answer 2

Onset at young age.

Caused by autoimmune disorder leading to the destruction of beta cells.

Question 3

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)

Type 1 (Juvenile)
Pathology (Mechanism):

Answer 3

Complete lack of insulin.

Question 4

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)

Type 2 (Senile)
Onset & Etiology:

Answer 4

Onset around >40 years of age. Overweight individuals and those genetically predisposed are most at risk.

Caused by impaired insulin production, insulin resistance, and increased hepatic glucose production.

Question 5

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)

Type 2 (Senile)
Pathology (Mechanism):

Answer 5

High or normal insulin, then low insulin.

Question 6

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)

Gestational
Onset & Etiology:

Answer 6

Onset during pregnancy.

Those with a family history of diabetes, 
history of stillbirth, 
spontaneous abortion, 
previous large or heavy for date baby, 
obesity, advanced maternal age,
had >5 pregnancies

Question 7

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)

Gestational
Pathology (Mechanism):

Answer 7

Combination of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance

Question 8

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)

Manifestations (List):

Answer 8

Polyuria (urinating a lot)
Polydipsia (drinking a lot of water)
Weight loss (body fluid, fat and protein)
Blurred vision
Fatigue
Prone to infection

Question 9

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)
Complications

Acute Complications (List)

Answer 9

Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hypoglycemia
Somogi Effect and Dawn Phenomenon

Question 10

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)
Acute Complications

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Describe)

Answer 10

Hyperglycemia
Polyuria
Dehydration
Drop in BP
Ketosis => Ketone odor of the breath
Metabolic acidosis => Kusmaul breathing

Question 11

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)
Acute Complications

Hypoglycemia (Describe)

Answer 11

Altered cerebral function: headache, slurred speech, impaired motor function, seizure, coma, mental confusion

Activation of autonomic system including hunger, anxiety, tachycardia, and cold sweat

Question 12

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)
Acute Complications

Somogyi Effect (Describe)

Answer 12

Cycle of insulin-induced posthypoglycemic episodes

Question 13

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)
Acute Complications

Dawn Phenomenon (Describe)

Answer 13

Increased level of fasting blood sugar or insulin requirement (or both) between 5:00 AM- 9:00 AM without antecedent hypoglycemia

Question 14

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)
Complications

Chronic Complications (List)

Answer 14

Peripheral Neuropathy
Neuropathy
Eye Disorders
Macrovascular Complications
Foot Ulcerations
Infection

Question 15

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)
Chronic Complications

Peripheral Neuropathy:

Answer 15

Thickening of the walls of the nutrient vessels that supply nerves; segmental demyeliniztion

Question 16

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)
Chronic Complications

Neuropathy:

Answer 16

Arteriolar Sclerosis => Impaired kidney function

Thickening of the basement membrane of the glomeruli leading to albuminuria, proteinuria

Question 17

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)
Chronic Complications

Eye Disorders:

Answer 17

Cataracts
Glaucoma
Retinopathies- abnormal vascularisation of the retina leading to bleeding, scarring and/or detachment

Question 18

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)
Chronic Complications

Foot Ulceration:

Answer 18

Caused from neuropathy, vascular complication, and infection (due to white cells not working as well)

Question 19

Diabetes Classification & Etiology (Cause)
Chronic Complications

Infection:

Answer 19

Increased chance of infection caused by neuropath, hyperglycemia, and altered white cell function.