Week One Flashcards
What is policy
It is everywhere and not always written down policy can also be a no decesion and intent doesn’t always = results
What are three things that make up policy
Structures Process and Outcomes
What is publicy policy
A course of action or inaction chosen by public authorities usually adressing a given problem or inter-related sets of problems
What is public policy anchored in
A set of beliefs
What is health policy a sub set for
Public Policy
What is policy rehtoric
It is usually making policy sound like a choice between two options it can make policy sound similar and that there unified situation
What is policy reality
It does exisit in a vaccum and is actually supported by numerous actors and there are mutiple people that are involved
How do we end up with existing policies
A combination of poltical, economic, socio-cultural and administrative
What are the two ways to sort policy analyses
Consensus and Conflict
What is consensus policy theory and what does it focus on
Choices are based on cost and benefits and evidence it is made using rational consideration of alternative courses and focuses on small improvements that can be made to improve existing service s
What does the consensus policy theory put an emphasis on
Techincal issues day-day orginzation not much about the forces econimcal poltical or social
What does consensus policy theory neglect
Ideology values and power and mises the big picture can be known as the nuts and blots lense
What is conflict/ critical policy theory
Broader issues in the organization and development of policy debates social class poltics inequalties in power acknowledges power differntial
What is the conflict policy lens also known as
Socio cultural economic lens
What are the four approachs to health by social theory
Medical approach
Behavioural/Lifestyle
Socio-Environmental
Structural Critical approach
What is the medical approach releated to which social theory
Medical approach based on individual based or micro is realted to positivism
What is the behavioural/ lifestyle approach
Structural Functionalism
What is the socio environmental approach related to what theory
Interpretivism
What is the structural/Critical approach related to what theory
Critical theory and poltical economy
What is positivism
Only authentic knowledge is scientific so information is always coming from a scientific method it follows a bottom up approach
What is structural functionalism
Follows a positivist notion of knowledge and methodology views society as parts that function together to create overall societal effectivenss for they system to work the society must share norms and values
What is herd immunity
What the herd can do for the rest of its member this can be an example
What is interpretivism
It is the critique of positivism it values personal perspectivies human experiences are also valid not just scientific approachs it is a socio-environmental approach as it emphasizes lived experiences
What is hermeneutics
How individuals understnad themselves through shared system of meaning
What are the challenges with interpretivism
It is hard to understand which view is correct because all views are considered equal
What is critical theory
Sturctures and processes that are hidden and ignored by positivites looks at inequalties and injustices not just understand it but critique it and the distrbution of power and who can enact change
What did martsolf and thomas say
Positions on key public policy issues are driven by largely implicit and unarticulated philosophical presupposition that guide individuals notions of the nature of government individuals moral obligations to each other how society assesses quality of life and what it means to eb a community
Can philosophy be ignored in policy
NO
What is epistemology
It is how we understand the world this knowledge is uslaly generated throughout history
What is ontology
The study of existence the thing and the problem has to exisit
What is the two main objectives of the lalonde report
Health care system and prevention of health problems and promotion of good health
What are the four aspects of the laonde report
Human biology
Environment
Lifestyle
Health care organizaiton
What is the difference between medical and health care
Identify and understand disease biological and consensus where health care is health status (who defention) socially constructed and crtical
Is health a social construct
YES
What is the social construction of illness
WHO is saying that people who are missing an aspect arent healthy there also is a cultural meaning to the illnesses along with a social aspect what is considered a normal can change based on societal values
What are the three things that Schiff said
Cognitive which is what you have learned
Affective physiological realtion
Behavioural changes your behaviour
What is decision theory
A person is guided by beliefs and desires/values you have what rules should guide these decesions
What is prefrence attidues
A combination of these attidues beliefs desires and values
What are minimal rationality
A basic standard of rationality prefrences should be logically consitent and reflect one behaviour and values
What is ideology
Seen as packages of positions when combined create an optimal state for society rooted in fundenmental beliefs usually used to denote the beliefs attitudes and opinions of those with whom we disagree with more of political approach
What is the difference between worldview and ideology
World view is assumptions about physical and social reality that could have powerful effect on cognition and behavior ideaoly is more a political and socio-ecnomic beliefs vlaues and symbolism and used to weild power
What is normative ethics
What is right and what is wrong and what is a good decision and bad this is regardless of ideology
What are ethical principles
Prescriptive offer recommendations for moral action these are not values health professionals operate on them
What makes a good action or decision
Justice- fairness intrinsic value=moral standing and procedural justice
and ethical choices choices and actions
What are the three ethical choices and actions
Deontology
Consequentialism
Virture ethics
What is virture ehtics
Focuses more on who a person is then action based good people create good societies and good decesion
What are three aspects to create health care
compassion
Honesty and morally correct actions
What is antithesis
It is important who decies what is good example german war time
What is consequentialism or teleology
The correct action is identified based on the extent to which they promote more happiness than uhapiness for the greatest number of people health care people make decisions based on best intrest of a particular collective of patients
Is the ratio of unhappy to happy always consistent
NO
What is deontology or duty based
Every person has an inherent diginity and value what is right or wrong vs the consequences of the action you have to do the right thing even if it produces a bad result
What is an example of deontology or duty based
Hippocratic oath and the universal declaration of human rights
What are ethical principles
Principlisim
Casuistry
Feminist Approaches
Personalism and ethics of care
What is principlism
Responded to the failing of the theories above autonomy justice beneficence non-maleficne
What are examples of principlisim
Helsinki declaration belmort report development of different health systems
What is casuistry
Essentially the case law of ethics it views previous cases to determine how to go about certain situations
what is feminist approaches
Skeptical towards traditional ethical concepts it is around compassion freddom and equalty the belmont report
What is personalism and ethics of care
On human diginity and subjectivity cannot be reduced to material objects and natural instinct compassion sympathy empathy and kindness need information to promote decision making enable staff and patient participation
