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Repro > Week 9.1 - fetal growth and development > Flashcards

Week 9.1 - fetal growth and development Flashcards

1
Q

When is the fetal period?

A

-9 to 38 weeks

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2
Q

What is the organogenetic period?

A

-embryonic period characterised by intense activity but small absolute growth

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3
Q

When does CRL increase most rapidly?

A

-Pre-embryonic,, embryonic and early fetal periods

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4
Q

When does weight gain increase?

A

-Mid and late fetal period

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5
Q

When does protein and adipose deposition occur?

A
  • Protein in early fetal period

- Adipose in late fetal period

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6
Q

Why can pre-term babies have difficulty maintaining their own body temp?

A

-Adipose deposition doesnt occur till late fetal period so may be inadequate to control temp

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7
Q

Describe the body proportions just before the fetal period (ie week 9)

A

-Head is half CRL

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8
Q

State 3 ways ante-natal assessment of fetal well-being can be made

A
  • Fetal movements as felt by mother (quickening)
  • Regular measurements of symphysis-fundal height
  • Ultrasouns scan
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9
Q

Why is an ultrasound scan used in obstetrics?

A
  • Safe and cheap
  • Can be used to calculate age, number of fetuses, rule out ectopic, location of baby etc
  • Assess growth and fetal anomalies
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10
Q

How is fetal age estimated?

A
  • Last menstrual period
  • Developmental criteria
  • CRL in T1
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11
Q

Why is LMP prone to inaccuracy?

A
  • Irregular menstuation

- Implantation bleeding

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12
Q

Why can CRL only be used in T1 to estimate EDD?

A

-Becomes more unreliable further into pregnancy due to variations in fetus size

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13
Q

What is biparietal diameted? What is it used for?

A
  • Distance between the parietal bones of the fetus

- Used in conjunction with other measurements such as femur length and abdominal diameter to date the pregnancy in T2/3

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14
Q

Describe the average birthweight, growth restriction and macrosomia

A
  • 3500g = average

- 4500g = macrosomia

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15
Q

When in pregnancy does the respiratory system develop and why does this effect pre-term survival?

A
  • Relatively late into the fetal period

- Many babies born pre-term do not have a developed resp system to support life

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16
Q

What part of development regarding the respiratory system occurs in the embryonic period?

A

-Development of the resp diverticulum, tracheooesophageal septum and separation of GI and resp tract forming the bronchopulmonary tree

17
Q

What happens regarding the resp system between weeks 8-16 of development?

A

-Pseudoglandular stage -> Bronchiole formation as there is elaboration of the duct system within the bronchopulmonary tree

18
Q

What happens between weeks 16-26 regarding the respiratory system during fetal development?

A

-Canilicular stage -> Formation of resp bronchiole as they bud from the bronchioles formed in the pseudoglandular stage

19
Q

What happens regarding the respiratory system in weeks 26-term of fetal development?

A

-Terminal sac stage -> Terminal sacs begin to bud from the resp bronchioles and cells differentiate into T1 and T2 pneumocytes

20
Q

What drives the differentiation of T1 anf T2 pneumocytes during fetal respiratory development?

A

-Exposure to amniotic fluid

21
Q

What is the major significant event which can occur after the differentiation of the pneumocytes in the terminal sacs?

A

-Production of sufficient surfactant to keep the lungs open after partuition

22
Q

Why is it vital the lungs undergo breathing movements in utero, even though they do not partake in gas exchange?

A

-Develop the resp musculature needed to sustain life

23
Q

Why is it vital the lungs are exposed to amniotic fluid in utero?

A

-It is crucial for normal lung development

24
Q

Why is the respiratory system involved in the threshold of viability?

A

-There is a limit beyond which the lungs will not be sufficiently developed to sustain life (before they have entered the terminal sac stage of development ~24 weeks)

25
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

-Syndrome which effect pre-term neonates whereby there is insufficient surfactant production to adequately allow sufficient respiration

26
Q

What pharmacologcal intervention can be given to mothers in order to boost surfactant production if a premature birth is unavoidable?

A

-Glucocorticoid injection

27
Q

When is the definitive fetal heart rate achieved?

A

-~15 weeks

28
Q

When does fetal kidney function begin?

A

~week 10

29
Q

Fetal kindey function is not necessary for survival in utero, however what complication would ensue?

A

-oligohyrdamnios

30
Q

Give 2 causes of oligohydramnios

A
  • Placental insufficiency

- Fetal renal impairment

31
Q

What is oligohydramnios/polyhydramnios?

A
  • Too little amniotic fluid

- Too much amniotic fluid

32
Q

Name 2 causes of polyhydramnios

A
  • Idiopathic

- Inability to swallow amiotic fluid eg misplaces tracheoesophageal septum

33
Q

When does the nervous system develop in relation to all the other systems?

A

-First to begin and last to finish

34
Q

What are the corticospinal tracts required for and when do they begin to develop?

A
  • Voluntary movement

- 4th month

35
Q

When does myelination of the brain occur?

A

-Begins in the 9th month and completes in the year after

36
Q

What is meant by the baby practicing for natal life?

A

-At about 8 weeks onwards involuntary sensory and motor systems develop and thus suckling and brething movements begin

37
Q

What is quickening and how is it used?

A
  • Maternal awaremess of fetal movement from approximately wk 17 onwards
  • Low cost simple method of ante-partum fetal surveillance.
38
Q

Which 2 systems have the greatest impact on pre-term survival?

A
  • Resp

- CNS

Repro (24 decks)

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