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Repro > Week 1.0 - development > Flashcards

Week 1.0 - development Flashcards

1
Q

What composes the duct system in males?

A
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus deferens
  • (urethra)
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2
Q

What composes the duct system in females?

A
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Uterus
  • Cervix
  • Vagina
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3
Q

What is the indifferent stage of development?

A

-The gonad and duct system at the point which it is the same regardless of sex

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4
Q

When does structural development of the genitalia occur and how does this differ from functional development and maturation?

A
  • Structural development in utero

- Functional development and maturation continues after birth

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5
Q

What is meant by sexual maturation?

A
  • Born physically immature

- Sexual maturation occurs as puberty and development of secondary sexual characteristics

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6
Q

State the secondary sexual characteristics which occur in males

A
  • bigger body size (relative to female)
  • Body composition and fat distribution
  • Hair and skin
  • Facial hair and male pattern baldness
  • CNS effects
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7
Q

State the secondary sexual characteristics which occur in females

A
  • Smaller body size (relative to males)
  • Subcutaneous fat distribution
  • Hair and skin
  • Breast development
  • CNS effects
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8
Q

What is the urogenital ridge?

A

-Region of intermediate mesoderm which gives rise to the embryonic kidney and the gonad

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9
Q

What tissues contribute to the gonad?

A
  • Intermediate mesoderm

- Primordial germ cells (extragonadal)

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10
Q

What are primordial germ cells? How do they contribute to the gonad?

A
  • Special population of cells identified from the yolk sac wall
  • Migrate into the retroperitoneum along dorsal mesentery through umbilicus and arrive at gonad
  • Populate mesodermal stroma
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11
Q

On a genetic level, what drives development of the male?

A

-Expression of SRY genes in primordial germ cells

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12
Q

Which structures do SRY genes affect?

A
  • Gonads
  • Duct system
  • External genitalia
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13
Q

What affect does SRY have on the gonads?

A

-Causes differentiation into testis by development of medullary cords, no cortical cord development and thickening of the tunica albuginea

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14
Q

What determines the sex of an embryo?

A

-What chromosome the male gamete is carrying

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15
Q

How does the absence of a Y chromosome influence an indifferent gonad?

A
  • Medullary cord degenerates
  • Cortical cords develop
  • No tunica aluginea
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16
Q

Why is it important that an ovary doesnt have a thick tunica albuginea?

A

Allows ova to be released

17
Q

What are the names of the two duct systems involved in genital development?

A
  • Mesonephric ducts (wolffian)

- Paramesonephric (mullarian)

18
Q

Where do the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts end?

A

-Cloaca

19
Q

As well as gonadal function, what do the mesonephric ducts function to do?

A

-Embryonic kidney

20
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

-The point at which the reproductive, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts end early in development

21
Q

What is the urogenital sinus?

A

-Structure which forms from the hind gut by the urorectal septum and makes the future bladder and urethra (plus prostate in males and vagina in females)

22
Q

Describe the development of the bladder and urethra from the urogenital sinus in the male

A
  • Mesonephric ducts reach urogenital sinus
  • Ureteric bud sprouts from mesonephric duct
  • As MD makes contact with UGS, causes smooth muscle differentiation and trigone formation, bladder expansion
  • UB and MDs make independent openings in UGS as it absorbs both ducts at separate points.
  • Contact and development leads to formation of prostate
23
Q

Describe the development of the bladder and urethra from the urogenital sinus in the female

A
  • MDs reach UGS
  • UBs sprout from MDs
  • UGS begins to expand and SM appears as MDs make contact
  • The absence of androgens causes MD to begin to regress and UB is absorbed by UGS
  • Prostate is not formed due to absence of androgens
24
Q

Where are the paramesonephric ducts and where do they come from?

A

-Appear from invaginations of the urogenital ridge and are lateral to the mesonephric ducts

25
Q

What is the significance of the paramesonehric ducts opening into the peritoneal cavity at the cranial end?

A

-Future fallopian tubes open into peritoneal cavity

26
Q

Describe how the mullarian ducts develop into the uterus and fallopian tubes

A
  • As the paramesonephric ducts develop they grow towards each other, pulling the peritoneum with it
  • They fuse in the midline and develop into the uterus and uterine tubes.
  • As they fuse a septum is formed in the middle of the uterus, this regresses during development
27
Q

What inductive event is caused by contact of paramesonephric ducts with UGS?

A

-Growth and extension of the UGS into vagina

28
Q

From where is the vagina derived?

A
  • Lower 2/3 UGS

- Upper 1/3 paramesonephric duct

29
Q

What is the cause of a unicornate uterus?

A

-Failed regression of uterine septum

30
Q

Why do the paramesonephric ducts not develop in the male?

A

-Testis produce mullarian inhibiting hormone causing degeneration of the ducts

31
Q

What happens to the mesonephric duct in the female?

A

-After it has functioned as the embyonic kidney, the absence of androgens leads to its regression

32
Q

What are the basic components of external genitalia at the indifferent stage?

A
  • Genital tubercle
  • Genital folds
  • Genital swellings
33
Q

Describe the formation of the external genitalia in the male

A

-Genital tubercle elongates and genital folds fuse on ventral surface to form spongy urethra under the influence of dihydrotestosterone

34
Q

Describe the formation of the external genitalia in the female

A

-No testosterone means that genital tubercle does not elongate and the genital folds do not fuse, instead they open into the vestibule of the vagina

35
Q

Describe the descent of the testis

A
  • The testis begin high on the posterior abdominal wall as they are retroperitoneal structures from the urogenital ridge
  • Evagination of processes vaginalis (derived from parietal peritoneum) on an oblique course through the anterior abdominal wall creates a pathway for the testis to pass though inguinal canal and into scrotum
  • Processes vaginalis looses patency and closes up
36
Q

Describe the descent of the ovary

A
  • Ovary tethered to labioscrotal fold by gubernaculum
  • Ovary drawn down from posterior abdominal wall but is physically stopped by the uterus and uterine tubes
  • Round ligament of uterus remains in inguinal canal
37
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

-Failed fusion of genital folds in the male

38
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

-Two different shapes of internal genitalia ie female and male

Repro (24 decks)

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