Week 9 - Self/Body Image & Psychosis

Question 1

What are the 3 components to “self-concept”?

Answer 1

1) self-image

2) self-esteem

3) ideal self

Question 2

What is the critical visual methodology?

Answer 2

Visual meaning made at 3 sites:

1) image production

2) the image itself

3) site of audiencing

Question 3

What is PCOS?

Answer 3

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Hormone IMBALANCE/irregular periods

Excess hair growth

Weight gain

Infertility

Question 4

What’s an explanation of body dysmorphia?

What’s the DSM-V TR criteria?

Answer 4

Constantly feeling or believing that there’s something WRONG with how you LOOK

DSM-V TR criteria:

1) preoccupation with perceived deficits/flaws in appearance not/slightly appear to others

2) repetitive behavior/mental acts

3) preoccupation causes significant clinical distress

4) appearance preoccupation is not better explained by concerns w body fat or weight meeting eating disorder criteria

Question 5

What is some treatment of body dysmorphia?

Answer 5

1) cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

2) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)

Question 6

What is psychosis?

Answer 6

A condition in which people have difficulty distinguishing what is REAL and what is NOT REAL

Hallucinations

Delusions

Question 7

What are hallucinations?

Answer 7

Often associated with MENTAL ILLNESS or neurological illness

CAN be induced in healthy people too

Can distinguish between “true hallucinations” and pseudo-hallucinations (where the person is aware that what they are experiencing is NOT real)

Can occur in any sensory modality

Question 8

True or false. Seem to grow less common with development

Answer 8

True

Childhood 17%

adolescence 7.5%

Adulthood 5%

Question 9

What are auditory voice hallucinations?

Answer 9

More typical symptom of psychosis

NEGATIVE OR COMMANDING tone

Simple, sporadic, transient extremely common in pop

“phantom”

Question 10

True or false. More complex hallucinations are common in people w/out psychosis or neurological illness

Answer 10

False

They’re UNCOMMON in people w/out psychosis or neurological illness

Question 11

What is the “hearing voices movement”?

Answer 11

Hearing voices can be part of the human experience…

Etc…

Question 12

What are delusions?

Answer 12

Beliefs which are POORLY/NOT at all justified by evidence or reason, persist despite evidence

Can be MONOTHEMATIC (following a single theme), or polythematic (following many themes)

Question 13

Psychosis can be a ________ of many different conditions

Answer 13

Symptom

Question 14

What is schizophrenia?

What are the (+) and (-) symptoms?

Answer 14

Most prevalent condition with PSYCHOSIS as a central feature

(+) symptom: the present of an experience/behaviour that people don’t typically DON’T show
Ex) hallucinations and delusions

(-) symptom: the lack of an experience/behaviour that people typically DO show
Ex) social withdrawal and poverty of speech

Question 15

What are some psychomotor symptoms?

Answer 15

People with schizophrenia often present with CATATONIA (abnormal movements or immobility)

Can develop into…

Malignant catatonia (life-threatening)

Question 16

Patients with schizophrenia sometimes report that their thoughts and actions are happening _____ __ ______ _______ or that they are _________ _________ by another person or entity

What’s a possible explanation of this?

Answer 16

Out of their control (avolition)

Being controlled (delusion of control/alien control)

——————————————————————————-

Is that patients may have a sensorimotor disorder which makes them UNABLE to predict the outcome of their movements

Since they are PRONE to delusion, they may rationalize false explanations for the movement

Question 17

How does schizophrenia typically progress?

Some patients recover __________, most will have ________ symptoms

Answer 17

Prodomal phase —> active phase —> residual phase

—————————————————————————

Completely; residual

Question 18

True or false. People with schizophrenia tend to have experience lifelong social difficulties, even after recovery

Answer 18

True

Condition typically arises in young adulthood

Question 19

Amongst people that have been diagnosed with schizophrenia…

(Give some other common disorders)

Answer 19

• 15% also have panic disorder
• 29% also have posttraumatic stress disorder
• 23% also have obsessive-compulsive disorder
• 50% of patients also have depression
• 47% of patients also have a history of substance abuse

Question 20

What is some treatment for psychosis?

Answer 20

1) people are often hospitalized (can be full or partial)

2) assisted living (some require supervision for a living), can also be permanent to temporary

3) medications generally act on DOPAMINE, tend to act quicker on (+) symptoms

4) cognitive remediation/cognitive reinterpretation (CBT)

5) community (assertive community)

6) family approaches (psychoeducation)

Question 21

What is the problem with 1st generation anti-psychotics?

Answer 21

RISK of inducing movement disorders (ex. Parkinson’s)

HOWEVER

2nd generation drugs are generally prescribed as first line treatment, but RISK of weight gain/metabolic dysfunction

Question 22

What are some causes of psychosis? (4)

Answer 22

1) genetics

2) dopamine hypothesis (most effective drugs act on dopamine)

3) misinterpretation hypothesis (misinterpret sensations, attribute them to external forces)

4) dissociation hypothesis (hallucinations could be a consequence of dissociation)

Question 23

How do psychosis and trauma intertwine?

Answer 23

Symptoms of PTSD often have psychotic characteristics

Ex) vivid flashbacks

Relationship b/w childhood trauma and hallucinations

***MORE TRAUMA = INCREASED PREVALENCE