Week 8 - Mood Flashcards
What is depression?
Fears and despondencies, if they last a long time
- Hippocrates definition
What does clinical depression (diagnosed depression) typically have in addition to a “depressed” mood?
Motivational - lack
Cognitive - negative-self views, hopelessness
Behavioural- pain, headaches, sleep/appetite disturbances
Physical
SYMPTOMS
Diagnosis depends on symptoms, duration, and lack of other symptoms
What are some kinds?
1) major depressive episode
2) persistent depressive disorder
SUB-TYPES:
1) post-partum depression
2) seasonal affective disorder
What are some methaphors of depression?
Described using darkness or blackness
“Dark cloud” and “dark place”
Western culture is BIG about this metaphor
Light = positive
Dark = negative
Do clinicians and philosophers want to change this depression “dark” metaphor?
YES
They think these beliefs and negatively are HARMFUL
“In the dark faint light shines” - Rebecca Solnit
To know the world/understand we NEED to stand in the dark as well as the light
What does the psychodynamic model think of depression?
Freud argued that depression represented a subjected LOSS of self
Cause by an OBJECTIVE LOSS we have come to identify with
What does the existentialism model think of depression?
Depression is DUE to a LOSS of meaning
What does the cognitive-behavioural model think of depression?
Depression is DUE to NEGATIVE thinking
**NOT NEGATIVE FEELINGS
What is stoicism?
Popular philosophy in ancient Greece and Rome
Empahsized that our feelings and wealth are NOT inherently good or bad
ONLY our ACTIONS are good or bad
Based on part of CBT theory
What does the neurobiological model think of depression?
What are the 2 factors?
Depression is the result of NEUROLOGICAL and BIOLOGICAL dysfunction
2 factors:
1) genetic factors- if relative has it
2) neurochemical factors- neurotransmitters
What are some drugs that reduce unipolar depression?
1) MAO’s (monoamide oxidase inhibitors) inhibit production of MAO enzymes (which break down serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine)
= BREAK DOWN MORE SLOWLY
2) tricyclics/2nd gen antidepressants inhibit reuptake of select neurotransmitters
= INCREASES AVAILABILITY WITHIN THE SYNAPSES
= THIS IS WHAT I TAKE CITALOPRAM
What are some other neurological treatments?
1) Neural stimulation = ECT, electroconvulsive therapy
2) ketamine
What is bipolar disorder?
Depression plus MANIA
Mania = inappropriate increase in affect/arousal
- euphoria (irritable or excitation)
- cognitive symptoms (poor judgment)
- behaviour (hyperactivity)
***AT MOST SEVERE CAN CAUSE PSYCHOSIS/DELUSIONS
What is mania vs hypomania?
AKA bipolar I disorder vs bipolar II disorder?
Bipolar I: at least one episode of mania
Bipolar II: hypomania without any episodes of mania
What is cyclothymia?
Hypomania and MILD depression
What is a “mixed episode”?
When symptoms of mania AND depression OVERLAP
What is “rapid cycling”?
When patients experience several CYCLES of mania and depression WITHIN a year
How do you diagnose bipolar disorder?
Often quite difficult especially for bipolar II disorder
Hypomania….
Easily mistaken for personality
Shorter/more frequent than depressive episodes
True or false. People with bipolar disorder aren’t more likely to use substances
False
They are MORE likely
True or false. People with bipolar disorder are misdiagnosed first with MAJOR depressive disorder
True
How do you treat bipolar disorder?
Pharmaceuticals drugs are the MAIN treatment
1) mood stabilizers
2) anti-seizure medications
3) anti-psychotic medications
OR psychotherapy/family therapy
True or false. Medications are generally NOT more effective at treating hypomania symptoms than depressive symptoms
False
They ARE generally more effective
Mood is also know as “________”?
Affect
(+) and (-) effect
What is the basic emotion theory?
Classifies emotions into a small # of BASIC CATEGORIES
Happiness, anger etc…
BASIC EMOTIONS map to facial expressions and body language
What is valence-arousal model?
The relationship can be ___________, __-_______, ________ etc…
Claims that emotion can be divided into 2 dimensions:
1) VALENCE (effect (+)/(-))
2) AROUSAL
Often measured independently
——————————————————————
Independent, v-shaped, linear
Positive and negative effects (valence-arousal model) are _____-__________
Quasi-independent
Small negative correlation b/w ratings of (+) and (-) emotions w/in SPECIFIC time periods
What are some explanations on why we experience emotions?
1) linking the body to the world to create MEANING
2) regulating action (regulation physiology/behaviour)
3) communication
4) social influence
What makes mood “disordered”?
In terms of MEANING = mood is when you arrive at an INCORRECT conclusions about what things mean
In terms of REGULATION of the BODY = mood is when you FAIL to do that properly and get DYSREGULATED
What are some sub-types of depression?
Post-partum depression
Seasonal affective disorder
