Week 8 - Mood

Question 1

What is depression?

Answer 1

Fears and despondencies, if they last a long time

• Hippocrates definition

Question 2

What does clinical depression (diagnosed depression) typically have in addition to a “depressed” mood?

Answer 2

Motivational - lack

Cognitive - negative-self views, hopelessness

Behavioural- pain, headaches, sleep/appetite disturbances

Physical

SYMPTOMS

Question 3

Diagnosis depends on symptoms, duration, and lack of other symptoms

What are some kinds?

Answer 3

1) major depressive episode

2) persistent depressive disorder

SUB-TYPES:

1) post-partum depression

2) seasonal affective disorder

Question 4

What are some methaphors of depression?

Answer 4

Described using darkness or blackness

“Dark cloud” and “dark place”

Western culture is BIG about this metaphor

Light = positive

Dark = negative

Question 5

Do clinicians and philosophers want to change this depression “dark” metaphor?

Answer 5

YES

They think these beliefs and negatively are HARMFUL

“In the dark faint light shines” - Rebecca Solnit

To know the world/understand we NEED to stand in the dark as well as the light

Question 6

What does the psychodynamic model think of depression?

Answer 6

Freud argued that depression represented a subjected LOSS of self

Cause by an OBJECTIVE LOSS we have come to identify with

Question 7

What does the existentialism model think of depression?

Answer 7

Depression is DUE to a LOSS of meaning

Question 8

What does the cognitive-behavioural model think of depression?

Answer 8

Depression is DUE to NEGATIVE thinking

**NOT NEGATIVE FEELINGS

Question 9

What is stoicism?

Answer 9

Popular philosophy in ancient Greece and Rome

Empahsized that our feelings and wealth are NOT inherently good or bad

ONLY our ACTIONS are good or bad

Based on part of CBT theory

Question 10

What does the neurobiological model think of depression?

What are the 2 factors?

Answer 10

Depression is the result of NEUROLOGICAL and BIOLOGICAL dysfunction

2 factors:

1) genetic factors- if relative has it

2) neurochemical factors- neurotransmitters

Question 11

What are some drugs that reduce unipolar depression?

Answer 11

1) MAO’s (monoamide oxidase inhibitors) inhibit production of MAO enzymes (which break down serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine)

= BREAK DOWN MORE SLOWLY

2) tricyclics/2nd gen antidepressants inhibit reuptake of select neurotransmitters

= INCREASES AVAILABILITY WITHIN THE SYNAPSES
= THIS IS WHAT I TAKE CITALOPRAM

Question 12

What are some other neurological treatments?

Answer 12

1) Neural stimulation = ECT, electroconvulsive therapy

2) ketamine

Question 13

What is bipolar disorder?

Answer 13

Depression plus MANIA

Mania = inappropriate increase in affect/arousal
- euphoria (irritable or excitation)
- cognitive symptoms (poor judgment)
- behaviour (hyperactivity)

***AT MOST SEVERE CAN CAUSE PSYCHOSIS/DELUSIONS

Question 14

What is mania vs hypomania?

AKA bipolar I disorder vs bipolar II disorder?

Answer 14

Bipolar I: at least one episode of mania

Bipolar II: hypomania without any episodes of mania

Question 15

What is cyclothymia?

Answer 15

Hypomania and MILD depression

Question 16

What is a “mixed episode”?

Answer 16

When symptoms of mania AND depression OVERLAP

Question 17

What is “rapid cycling”?

Answer 17

When patients experience several CYCLES of mania and depression WITHIN a year

Question 18

How do you diagnose bipolar disorder?

Answer 18

Often quite difficult especially for bipolar II disorder

Hypomania….

Easily mistaken for personality

Shorter/more frequent than depressive episodes

Question 19

True or false. People with bipolar disorder aren’t more likely to use substances

Answer 19

False

They are MORE likely

Question 20

True or false. People with bipolar disorder are misdiagnosed first with MAJOR depressive disorder

Answer 20

True

Question 21

How do you treat bipolar disorder?

Answer 21

Pharmaceuticals drugs are the MAIN treatment

1) mood stabilizers

2) anti-seizure medications

3) anti-psychotic medications

OR psychotherapy/family therapy

Question 22

True or false. Medications are generally NOT more effective at treating hypomania symptoms than depressive symptoms

Answer 22

False

They ARE generally more effective

Question 23

Mood is also know as “________”?

Answer 23

Affect

(+) and (-) effect

Question 24

What is the basic emotion theory?

Answer 24

Classifies emotions into a small # of BASIC CATEGORIES

Happiness, anger etc…

BASIC EMOTIONS map to facial expressions and body language

Question 25

What is valence-arousal model?

The relationship can be ___________, __-_______, ________ etc…

Answer 25

Claims that emotion can be divided into 2 dimensions:

1) VALENCE (effect (+)/(-))

2) AROUSAL

Often measured independently
——————————————————————

Independent, v-shaped, linear

Question 26

Positive and negative effects (valence-arousal model) are _____-__________

Answer 26

Quasi-independent

Small negative correlation b/w ratings of (+) and (-) emotions w/in SPECIFIC time periods

Question 27

What are some explanations on why we experience emotions?

Answer 27

1) linking the body to the world to create MEANING

2) regulating action (regulation physiology/behaviour)

3) communication

4) social influence

Question 28

What makes mood “disordered”?

Answer 28

In terms of MEANING = mood is when you arrive at an INCORRECT conclusions about what things mean

In terms of REGULATION of the BODY = mood is when you FAIL to do that properly and get DYSREGULATED

Question 29

What are some sub-types of depression?

Answer 29

Post-partum depression

Seasonal affective disorder