Week 4 - Ethics And Practices Flashcards
What is a psychiatrist?
Have a medical degree (MD) and are listened to practice in their province
Require specialist certification from Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Has sub specialities ex) forensic
Can also get a GRADUATE degree in psychiatry (does not include clinical/licensing)
What is a psychologist?
Registered psychologists are licensed by regulatory bodies
^ these determine standards of practice and codes of conduct
In Canada licensing is a provincial authority (Health Professions Act)
What is a Hippocratic oath?
Early example of standards of practice that physicians had to swear to uphold
Swear to Apollo and other gods
Is the Hippocratic oath updated today?
Updated and translated fir contemp audiences
Remains original inspiration for modern standards of practice
IF performed now it’s a RITE OF PASSAGE not a LEGAL COMMITMENT
Are research psychiatrist/psychologists licensed to practiced and have an overarching body?
No
Overseen by their institution and relevant local laws
May also join professional societies
LOTS of unregulated terms people call themselves without formal training/certification
Research within the university have what categories? (Boards)
REB 1- in person research, instructed-led course based
REB 2- interventional type research, mixed method applications
REB 3- non-invasive health research (HOLD FEDERAL-WIDE ASSURANCE)
REB 4- all invasive health research (^^^)
What’s does research outside the university have for regulation?
Local jurisdictions may have their own ethics board
Ex) Health Reserach Ethics Board of Canada
What are the 3 stages of client treatment?
1) Assessment - nature depends heavily on the patient, want to gather information, interviews/observation
2) Diagnosis - usually based on DSM, published by APA (5th) edition, WHO (ICD) manual
3) treatment - depend on diagnosis, severity of condition, patient history and tolerance, financial considerations
***SOME CONDITIONS HAVE A “GOLD STANDARD” THAT CLINICIANS USUALLY START WITH
What are the features of good assessments?
1) standardization
2) reliability
3) validity
What are the 4 types of validity?
1) internal- extent which it follows ACCURATE, causual inferences
2) external- extent which it APPLIES in other contexts
3) construct- degree of which it represents a construct which is NOT directly invisible
4) content- degree of which it represents ALL aspects of a construct
What is involved in a unstructured interview?
Open-ended questions
Follow up on interesting responses
Ex) “would you tell me about yourself”
What can observations contain?
Self-monitoring
Analog observations - clinicians observe patients in a formal/office setting
Naturalistic observations
What the problems with observations?
Can be BIASED or INCONSISTENT
Poor reliability
Observer effect
Observer bias
The DSM is currently based on what type of model?
Biological model of mental health
REJECTS psychodynamic concepts
Many “conditions” have been medicalized, and some de- medicalized
True or false. All clinicians must formally diagnose their clients
False
Not all seek to formally identify diagnose conditions
Patients may find diagnosis stigmatizing or culturally inappropriate
What is a projective test?
Clients interpret vague stimuli such as inkblots or ambiguous pictures
Followed by open-ended questions
Research shows it doesn’t have much reliability or validity
What is psychophysiological tests?
Measure physiological responses as possible indicators of psychological problems
Ex) heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure etc…
What is dimensional information and additional information?
Dimensional: severity of the clients disorder
Additional: Indicate special psychosocial problems the client has
What does “empirically supported” mean?
Means evidence-based treatment
What is the rapprochement movement?
People in this movement have tried to identify a set of common factors, or common strategies that may run EFFECTIVE through all therapies
Some conditions have a “________ _________” treatment that clinicians typically start with, and the progress to other treatments if that fails
Gold standard
What is a “blind design” also called?
A “masked design”
Individuals are kept UNAWARE of their assigned group
What is a quasi-experimental design?
Designs that FAIL to include key elements of a “pure” experiment and/or intermix elements of both experimental and correlational studies
LESS than ideal
What are matched designs?
Do not randomly assign participants to control/experimental groups, make use of groups that already EXIST in the world at large
What’s an analogue experiment?
Induce laboratory patients to behave in ways similar to real-life abnormal behaviour
Then conduct research hoping to shed light on abnormal behaviour
What is involved in a structured interview?
Clinicians ask prepared/specific questions
Sometimes they use a published interview schedule (standard set of questions)
Many include a mental status exam
Sometimes clinical interviews lack _________ or __________
Validity; accuracy
What is a Rorschach test?
Projective test
Hermann Rorschach
Blots to drop ink on paper, fold paper on half to create a symmetrical, but wholly accidental design
Patient interprets this picture
What is a thematic apperception test (TAT)?
Pictorial projective test
Black and white pictures
Patients asked to make up dramatic story
What are 2 more examples of projective tests?
1) drawings
2) sentence-completion tests
What is a personality inventory?
Do these seem to have more validity/accuracy compared to projective tests?
Asking the patient to assess themselves
Wide range of questions about their behaviour, beliefs and feelings
———————————————————————————————-
Yes
What is a response inventory?
Similar to personality inventories, they ask the patient detailed information about themselves
But these tests focus on ONE SPECIFIC area of functioning
Ex) emotion VS social skills
What are psychophysiological tests?
Measure physiological responses as possible INDICATORS of psychological problems
Ex) polygraph aka the “lie detector”
What are neuropsychological tests?
Measure cognitive, perceptual and motor performances on certain tasks
Ex) Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt test
What is self-monitoring?
People observe themselves carefully and record the frequency of certain behaviours, feelings or thoughts as they occur OVER TIME
_____% of Americans who would not seek counselling for fewer of being labeled “mentally ill”
_____% of Americans who would hesitate to see a psychotherapist if a diagnosis was required
33%
51%
