week 9 (respitory system, structure/function, breathing/gas exchange) Flashcards
cellular respiration
location:Respiration happens in the cells of plants, animals and humans, mainly inside mitochondria, which are located in a cell’s cytoplasm
purpose:body cells use the oxygen you breathe to get energy from the food you eat.
reactants: Oxygen and glucose
products: carbon dioxide, water, and energy
What is the link between cellular respiration and the respiratory system
cellular respiration is what you are doing in your respiratory system while breathing. converting oxygen into usable compounds in your body.
what are the organs of the respiratory system
upper: includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures
lower: includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
what is the main function of the respiratory system
- Provides for gas exchange: intake of O2 for delivery to body cells and removal of CO2 produced by body cells.
- Helps regulate blood pH.
- Contains receptors for sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces vocal sounds (phonation), and excretes small amounts of water and heat
nasal cavity
large space in the anterior aspect of the skull that lies inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the oral cavity
it is lined with muscle and mucous membrane
nasal septum
divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides.
The anterior portion of the nasal septum consists primarily of hyaline cartilage the remainder is formed by the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, maxillae, and palatine bones
cartilage in inner part of nose
septal nasal cartilage: which forms the anterior portion of the nasal septum
lateral nasal cartilages: inferior to the nasal bones
alar cartilages: which form a portion of the walls of the nostrils.
consists of pliable hyaline cartilage, the cartilaginous framework of the external nose is somewhat flexible
functions of inner nose
(1) warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air; (2) detecting olfactory stimuli; and (3) modifying speech vibrations as they pass through the large, hollow resonating chambers.
bones in inner part of nose
the portion of the nose visible on the face and consists of a supporting framework of bone and hyaline cartilage covered with muscle and skin and lined by a mucous membrane. The frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae form the bony framework of the external nose
hairs in inner nose
Your nose is also filled with microscopic hairs called cilia. These cilia help push mucus and other debris away from your lungs
mucous membrane lining
rich with blood vessels. The increased surface area and the many blood vessels enable the nose to warm and humidify incoming air quickly. Cells in the mucous membrane produce mucus and have tiny hairlike projections
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
sensory receptors (olfactory epithelium)
is a sensory neuron within the olfactory system
protein capable of binding odour molecules that plays a central role in the sense of smell (olfaction).
paranasal sinuses
drain mucous
Paranasal sinuses are a group of four paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity.
maxillary sinuses: under the eyes
frontal sinuses: above the eyes
ethmoidal sinuses: between the eyes
sphenoidal sinuses: behind the eyes.
lightening the weight of the head, humidifying and heating inhaled air, increasing the resonance of speech, and serving as a crumple zone to protect vital structures in the event of facial trauma
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
pharynx
length: 13 cm (5 in.) long
three divisons: 1) nasopharynx (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium), (2) oropharynx, and (3) laryngopharynx
seven openings:
- 1-5* between nasopharyx&oropharx: two internal nares, two openings that lead into the auditory (pharyngotympanic) tubes (commonly known as the eustachian tubes), and the opening into the oropharynx.
- 6* in oropharx: fauces , the opening from the mouth
- 7* In the laryngopharynx: inferior end it opens into the esophagus (food tube)
location/function of tonsils: they can stop germs entering the body through the mouth or the nose. The tonsils also contain a lot of white blood cells, which are responsible for killing germs
tissue layer: Its wall is composed of skeletal muscles and is lined with a mucous membrane, The muscles of the entire pharynx are arranged in two layers, an outer circular layer and an inner longitudinal layer.
larynx
location:inferior to the pharynx superior to trachea
glottis: consists of a pair of folds of mucous membrane, the vocal folds (true vocal cords) in the larynx, and the space between them called the rima glottidis (RI - -ma GLOT-ti-dis).
epiglottis: is a large, leafshaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium. broad portion of the epiglottis is unattached like a trap door. During swallowing, the pharynx and larynx rise. Elevation of the pharynx widens it to receive food or drink; elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the glottis, closing it off.
tissue makeup:
true vs false vocal cords
a superior pair called the vestibular folds (false vocal cords) and an inferior pair called the vocal folds (true vocal cords). The space between the vestibular folds is known as the rima vestibuli.
structural: the true vocal cords are more inner while the false are outwards
functional: the upper folds (vestibular folds), are called false vocal cords because they do not produce sound, whereas the lower vocal cords (true vocal cords) produce sound
trachea
location: inferior to the larynx
length/diameter:12 cm (5 in.) long and 2.5 cm (1 in.) in diameter
function: our trachea’s main function is to carry air in and out of your lungs. Because it’s a stiff, flexible tube, it provides a reliable pathway for oxygen to enter your body
tissue makeup: (1) mucosa (epithelial layer of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium) (2) submucosa, (3) hyaline cartilage, and (4) adventitia (composed of areolar connective tissue)
bronchi
difference of left and right primary bronchi:The right main bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider than the left . As a result, an aspirated object is more likely to enter and lodge in the right main bronchus than the left.
# of seconday bronchi: one for each lobe of the lung. (The right lung has three lobes; the left lung has two.)
tissue makeup:ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- main (primary) bronchi (pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
- lobar (secondary) bronchi
- segmental (teritary) bronchi
- bronchioles (ciliated simple columnar epithelium with some goblet cells)
- terminal bronchioles (nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium)
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
lungs
location: medial to the heart
# of lobes: 3 in right and 2 in left
apex and base: e broad inferior portion of the lung, the base, concave and fits over the convex area of the diaphragm The narrow superior portion of the lung is the apex.
hilum: The area in which components like vessels allow to enter and exit the lung
three components that enter/leave via the hilum: bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit
thoracic cavity
three divisions: Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity, Mediastinum
organs in them:
pleural: A potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung.
pericardial: A potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart.
medistinum: Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.
type of membrane lining:
location of pariteal/visceral pleura: visceral will be directly touching the lungs, then there is a pleura cavity, then the partiteal pleura
location/function of pleural cavity: between the pariteal/visceral pleura. their function is to aid optimal functioning of the lungs during breathing
respiratory bronchiole
the final division of the bronchioles within the lung. They are a continuation of the terminal bronchioles and are approximately 0.5mm in size. They are comprised of simple cuboidal epithelium and contain a thin layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
alveolar duct
Transmission of air from respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs
ciliated cuboidal epithelium and contains some secretory cells called clara cells
alveolus (alveoli)
the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out. Oxygen breathed in from the air passes through the alveoli and into the blood and travels to the tissues throughout the body.
alveolar type I (AT1) simple squamous epithelial cells: form a nearly continuous lining of the alveolar wall, main sites of gas exchange
albeolar type II (AT2) cells cuboidal epithelial cells : free surfaces containing microvilli, secrete alveolar fluid, which keeps the surface between the cells and the air moist
pulmonary capillary (arterial/venous end)
carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen from the alveoli.
venus end will be oxygen rich while arterial end will be deoxygened
components of passageway
from secondary bronchi to alveoli
- main (primary) bronchi (pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
- lobar (secondary) bronchi
- segmental (teritary) bronchi
- bronchioles (ciliated simple columnar epithelium with some goblet cells)
- terminal bronchioles (nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium)
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
three strucutral changes in bronchial tree which occur in branching process
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- ciliated simple columnar epithelium with some goblet cells
- nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium
thickness of alveolar wall and it’s proximity to capillaries
relationship between structure and function of alveoli
ciliated mucous membrane in the respiratory passageway
respiratory system is lined with a mucous membrane that secretes mucus. … Hairlike structures called cilia line the mucous membrane and move the particles trapped in the mucus out of the nose. Inhaled air is moistened, warmed, and cleansed by the tissue that lines the nasal cavity.
skeletal and smooth muscle in the respiratory passageway
In the respiratory system smooth muscles are found in the walls of bronchi and bronchioles. They help to regulate the flow of air into the lungs. When greater volumes of air is required by the body, such as during exercise, smooth muscle relaxes to dilate the bronchi and bronchioles
the diaphragm, a thin sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the floor of the thorax. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly a few inches into the abdominal cavity, expanding the space within the thoracic cavity and pulling air into the lungs
cartilage and bone in the respiratory passageway
in the trachea, or windpipe, there are tracheal rings, also known as tracheal cartilages. Cartilage is strong but flexible tissue. The tracheal cartilages help support the trachea while still allowing it to move and flex during breathing.
The TRACHEA (windpipe) is the passage leading from your pharynx to the lungs. The RIBS are bones supporting and protecting your chest cavity. They move a small amount and help the lungs to expand and contract. The trachea divides into the two main BRONCHI (tubes), one for each lung
serous membrane in the respiratory passageway
Pleurae are serous membranes that separate the lungs and the wall of the thoracic cavity. The visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs, and the parietal pleura covers the inside of the thorax, mediastinum, and diaphragm
respiration
purpose: exchange of gases within the atmosphere and the blood, and then the blood and tissues
pulmonary ventilation: the inhalation and exhalation of air and involves the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs. Inhalation permits O2 to enter the lungs and exhalation permits CO2 to leave the lungs.
external respiration: the exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane. In this process, pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2
internal respiration: is the exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells. In this step the blood loses O2 and gains CO2. Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume O2 and give of CO2 during the production of ATP are termed cellular respiration
pulmonary ventilation
inspiration: in flow of air into the lungs inhalation
expiration: out flow of air into lungs exhalation
structure of thoracic cavity
pleural cavity:space between the two pleurae (visceral and parietal) of the lung
visceral pleura:covers the surface of the lungs (simple cudioal)
parietal pleura:covers the inside of the thorax, mediastinum, and diaphragm (simple cubioal)
inhalation linked with contraction of muscles
change in size of thoracic cavity: volume increases
effect of intrathoracic pressure: decreases pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure)
effect on lung volume: increases
change of cohesion of visceral/partial pleura:its volume expands, and the intrapleural pressure drops. This pressure drop decreases the intrapulmonary pressure as well, expanding the lungs and pulling more air into them
effect on intrapulmonic pressure: drops to -1mmHg
effect on pressure gradient between alveoli and atmosphere: air is sucked in
movement of air: air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient undertill the intrapulmonic pressure is 0 mmHg
diaphram: desenceds
rib cage:rises
exhalation linked with contraction of muscles
change in size of thoracic cavity:decreases
effect of intrathoracic pressure: increases
effect on lung volume: decreases
change of cohesion of visceral/partial pleura:its volujme decreases and the intrapleural pressure increases
effect on intrapulmonic pressure: rises to +1
effect on pressure gradient between alveoli and atmosphere: air is pushed out
movement of air: moves out of the lungs down it’s pressure graident until the intrapulmonic pressure is equal to +1 mmHg
diaphram: moves superiorly and relax
ribs: depressed
alveolar fluid surface tension with inhalation
alveolar surface tension:a thin layer of alveolar fluid coats the luminal surface of alveoli and exerts a force known as surface tension
size of alveoli:n causes the alveoli to assume the smallest possible diameter. During breathing, surface tension must be overcome to expand the lungs during each inhalation. Surface tension also accounts for two-thirds of lung elastic recoil, which decreases the size of alveoli during exhalation
role of surfactant:reduces its surface tension
airway resistance
airway resistance:the rate of airflow through the airways depends on both the pressure difference and the resistance: Airflow equals the pressure difference between the alveoli and the atmosphere divided by the resistance.
large diameter airways:have decreased resistance
small diameter airways:have increases resistance
smooth muscles:regulate diameter of airways
atmospheric pressure
the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth
intrapulmonary pressure
force exerted by gases within the alveoli
intrathroacic pressure (interpleural)
the pressure between the two pleural membranes (visceral/paterial) in the lungs
pressure graident
he pressure gradient is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the pressure increases the most rapidly around a particular location
transpulmonary pressure
net distending pressure applied to the lung by contraction of the inspiratory muscles or by positive-pressure ventilation. TPP is the difference between alveolar pressure (Palv) and pleural pressure
why does intrathoracic pressure must always be lower in relation to intrapulmonic and atmospheric pressure
intrathoracic pressure must always be lower in relation to intrapulmonic and atmospheric pressure in order to counterbalance the inherent recoil property of the elastic lung tissue and to prevent complete deflation of the lungs
boyle’s law states that there is an inverse relationship between the pressure of gas in a closed container and the volume of the container this means:
as the size of the container increases, pressure inside the container decrease and vis versa
if two areas differ in pressure, air will flow to the area of lower pressure
diaphram
a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest.
It contracts and flattens when you inhale. This creates a vacuum effect that pulls air into the lungs.
When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and the air is pushed out of lungs
external intercostal muscle
small muscles located in between each rib, starting at the first rib and extending down to the 11th rib.
The motions of these muscles assist the lungs by raising the ribs and expanding the chest cavity
rate vs rhythm of respirations
The respiration rate is the number of breaths a person takes per minute
regular rhythm means that the frequency of the respiration follows an even tempo with equal intervals between each respiration
respirtory centre in brain
location: the pneumotaxic center or pontine respiratory group (PRG) in the dorsal lateral pons, and the dorsal (DRG) and ventral respiratory groups (VRG) in the medulla
function:
prg - help with movements
drg - controls the basic rhythm of breathing by triggering inspiratory impulses
vrg - column of neurons that fire action potentials in phase with respiration
autorhythmicity:The quality of being autorhythmic, or generating its own rhythm,
total lung capacity
the capacity of your full lung
tidal volume
The volume of one breath
expiratory reserve volume
If you inhale normally and then exhale as forcibly as possible, you should be able to push out considerably more air in addition to the 500 mL of tidal volume. The extra 1200 mL in males and 700 mL in females is called the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
inspiratory reserve volume
By taking a very deep breath, you can inhale a good deal more than 500 mL. This additional inhaled air, called the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
vital capacity
It is the total amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation
residual volume
Even after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled, considerable air remains in the lungs because the sub atmospheric intrapleural pressure keeps the alveoli slightly inflated, and some air remains in the noncollapsible airways. This volume, which cannot be measured by spirometry, is called the residual volume
internal respiration
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called internal respiration or systemic gas exchange
external respiration
the diffusion of O2 from air in the alveoli of the lungs to blood in pulmonary capillaries and the diffusion of CO2 in the opposite direction
partial pressure
the pressure exerted by a (specified) component in a mixture of gases.
pO2
partial pressure of oxygen reflects the amount of oxygen gas dissolved in the blood
pCO2
partial pressure of CO2 is the measure of carbon dioxide within arterial or venous blood
what are the principles governing gas pressure and flow upon which external and internal respiration are based
the partial pressure of gas in a mixture of gases or liquid is directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture
a gas in a mixture of gases moves down its pressure (concentration) gradient of the particular gas- from area of high pressure(concentration) to the area of low pressure (concentration) of that gas
how does the process of gaseous exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries facilitated
number of alveoli: 600 million
thickness of alveoli and capillary walls: both have very thin membranes, allowing for exchange of gases (only one cell thick)
proximity of each alveolus to capillaries:between the air within the alveoli, and the blood is approx 0.7micrometers. This distance is decreased during inhalation as the lung distends. This tiny distance allows extremely fast and efficient diffusion
size of capillary in relation to size of red blood cell: only about one cell thick and the cells actually squeeze in there lol
principles governing gas pressure and flow in explanation of the movement process of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveoli
partial pressures of o2/co2 in alveolar air: more oxygen and little carbon dioxide
pp of o2/co2 in blood entering capillaries: lots more carbon dioxide and little oxygen
direction of movement of gases: carbon dioxide will be flowing into the alveoli and oxygen into blood
pp of o2/co2 at venus ends of capillaries: way more oxygen than carbon oxide
process of gas exchange between systemic capillaries and tissue cells
proximity of capillaries to tissue cells:within one endothelial cell layer
thickness of capillary and cell membranes: capillary walls and cell membranes are very thin to allow the diffusion of gasous exchange
numbers of capillaries in relation to tissues: 10 billion capillaries
