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BIOL 1160 > week 5 (skin and body movements, body flora, cartilage and skeletal system) > Flashcards

week 5 (skin and body movements, body flora, cartilage and skeletal system) Flashcards

1
Q

integumentary system

A

The integumentary system helps maintain a constant body
temperature, protects the body, and provides sensory information
about the surrounding environment

Functions of the Integumentary System
1. Regulates body temperature.
2. Stores blood.
3. Protects body from external
environment.
4. Detects cutaneous sensations.
5. Excretes and absorbs substances.
6. Synthesizes vitamin D.
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2
Q

what is the tissue of the epidermal layer like

A

the epidermis is the most superficial layer of the skin (what you touch)

it consists of keratinized straified squamous epithelium which means theres many layers of cells

generally the cells in the deepest layer are cubiodal and are continually dividing to produce cells that move to become part of the layer of cells above them

the most superficial celllayer consists of dead cells full of kertain

epidermis is avasular

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3
Q

stratum gerinativum (strutum basale)

A

The deepest layer of the epidermis is the stratum basale, composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes. Some cells in this layer
are stem cells that undergo cell division to continually produce new kertaincytes

A distinctive feature of cells in this layer is the presence
of darkly staining granules of a protein called keratohyalin (ker′-
a-toˉ-HI
-
-a-lin), which assembles keratin intermediate filaments into
keratin. Also present in the keratinocytes are membrane-enclosed
lamellar granules (la-MEL-ar), which fuse with the plasma membrane
and release a lipid-rich secretion. This secretion is deposited in the
spaces between cells of the stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and
stratum corneum. The lipid-rich secretion acts as a water-repellent
sealant, retarding loss and entry of water and entry of foreign materials

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4
Q

stratum corneum

A

The stratum corneum consists on average of 25 to 30 layers of flattened
dead keratinocytes, but can range in thickness from a few cells in thin
skin to 50 or more cell layers in thick skin.

They are the final
product of the dif erentiation process of the keratinocytes. The cells
within each layer overlap one another like the scales on the skin of a
snake.

Its multiple layers of dead cells help the stratum corneum to protect
deeper layers from injury and microbial invasion

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5
Q

stratum lucidum

A

The stratum lucidum is present only in the thick skin of areas such as the
fingertips, palms, and soles.

It consists of four to six layers of flattened
clear, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and
thickened plasma membranes.

This probably provides an additional
level of toughness in this region of thick skin

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6
Q

stratum spinosum

A

Superficial to the stratum basale is the
stratum spinosum. This stratum
mainly consists of numerous keratinocytes arranged in 8–10 layers

This arrangement provides both strength and flexibility to the skin because of the bundle of kertain interfilaments and demosomes

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7
Q

kertainocytes

A

keratinocytes, which are arranged
in four or five layers and produce the protein keratin.

keratin is a tough, fibrous protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from abrasions,
heat, microbes, and chemical

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8
Q

melanocytes

A

which develop from the ectoderm of a developing embryo and produce the pigment melanin

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9
Q

suboriferous gland

A

Throughout skin of most
regions of body, especially
skin of forehead, palms,
and soles.

Mostly in deep dermis
(sometimes in upper
subcutaneous layer).

secretion: Perspiration, which consists
of water, ions (Na+ , Cl− ),
urea, uric acid, ammonia,
amino acids, glucose, and
lactic acid

Regulation of body
temperature, waste removal,
stimulated during emotional
stress.

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10
Q

sebaceous gland (oil)

A

Prevent hairs from drying
out, prevent water loss from
skin, keep skin soft, inhibit
growth of some bacteria.

Largely in lips, glans penis,
labia minora, and tarsal
glands; small in trunk and
limbs; absent in palms
and soles.

Secretion Sebum

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11
Q

hair follicle

A

A hair follicle is a tunnel-shaped structure in the epidermis (outer layer) of the skin. Hair starts growing at the bottom of a hair follicle

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12
Q

stratum granulsom

A

At about the middle of the epidermis,
the stratum granulosum
consists of three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes that are
undergoing apoptosis.

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13
Q

apoptosis

A

apoptosis is an
orderly, genetically programmed cell death in which the nucleus
fragments before the cells die

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14
Q

dermis

A

connective tissue layer just below the epidermis

second major layer of skin, consists of two areas in the connective tissue

the layer adjacent to the basement membrane of the spidermal layer is called the papillary region. it consists of areolar connective tissue with a lot of elastic fibres

the reticular region is the deeper connective tissue layer which consisits of dense, irregular connective tissue (lots of collagen and elastic fibres)

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15
Q

fibroblasts

A

large, flat cells with
branching processes. They are present in all the general connective
tissues, and usually are the most numerous.

secrete fibers and
ground substance

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16
Q

elastic fibres

A

which are smaller in diameter than collagen fibers,
branch and join together to form a fibrous network within a connective
tissue. An elastic fiber consists of molecules of the protein elastin surrounded by a glycoprotein named fibrillin, which adds strength and
stability. Because of their unique molecular structure, elastic fibers are
strong but can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length without
breaking.

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17
Q

collagen fibres

A

are very strong and resist pulling or stretching, but they are not stif , which allows tissue
flexibility. The properties of dif erent types of collagen fibers vary
from tissue to tissue. For example, the collagen fibers found in cartilage and bone form dif erent associations with surrounding molecules

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18
Q

reticular region

A

Deeper portion of dermis consists
of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles ofthick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers.

Spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous
glands.

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19
Q

blood vessel (arteriole)

A

small-diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries

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20
Q

blood vessel (venule)

A

venule is a small blood vessel in the microcirculation that allows deoxygenated blood to return from capillary beds to larger blood vessels called veins. Venules range from 8 to 100μm in diameter and are formed when capillaries come together. Many venules unite to form a vein

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21
Q

sensory receptors

A

sensory receptors can be found throughout the skin. they will receive stimulis from internal and external environment

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22
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

this layer consists of areolar and adipose tissues. Fibers that extend from the dermis anchor the skin to the subcutaneous layer, which in turn attaches to underlying fascia, the connective tissue around muscles and
bones. The subcutaneous layer serves as a storage depot for fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin

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23
Q

amino acids in relation to the skin

A

Amino acids are important nutrients required for wound healing promotion and repair of the damaged skin

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24
Q

glucose in relation to the skin

A

cause hormonal changes and other biologic dysfunction that lead to acne. Optimizing our metabolic fitness with a glucose monitoring program like Levels can help us make choices to minimize our body’s exposure to excess glucose (sugar), which may help prevent premature skin aging and acne

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25
Q

oxygen in relation to the skin

A

Oxygenation has to do with breathing and blood flow. On and in the skin, as for other tissues in the body, oxygen is essential to the health and maintenance of the cells

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26
Q

feedback loop for body temp

A

by
liberating sweat at its surface and by adjusting the flow of blood in the
dermis. In response to high environmental temperature or heat produced
by exercise, sweat production from eccrine sweat glands increases; the
evaporation of sweat from the skin surface helps lower body temperature. In addition, blood vessels in the dermis of the skin dilate (become
wider); consequently, more blood flows through the dermis, which
increases the amount of heat loss from the body. In
response to low environmental temperature, production of sweat from
eccrine sweat glands is decreased, which helps conserve heat. Also, the
blood vessels in the dermis of the skin constrict (become narrow), which
decreases blood flow through the skin and reduces heat loss from the
body. And, skeletal muscle contractions generate body heat.

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27
Q

membrane

A

selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others

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28
Q

membrane

A

selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others

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29
Q

serous membrane

A

A serous membrane or serosa lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and it covers the organs that are within the cavity. Serous membranes consist of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium

A mucous membrane or mucosa lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior. Mucous membranes line the entire digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts, and much of the urinary tract. They consist of a lining layer of epithelium and an underlying layer of connective tissue

The cutaneous membrane or skin covers the entire surface of the body and consists
of a superficial portion called the epidermis and a deeper portion
called the dermis. The epidermis consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, which protects underlying tissues

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30
Q

synovial membranes

A

Synovial membranes line the cavities of freely movable joints (joint cavities). Like serous membranes,
synovial membranes line structures that do not open to the exterior.
Unlike mucous, serous, and cutaneous membranes, they lack an
epithelium and are therefore not epithelial membranes. Synovial
membranes are composed of a discontinuous layer of cells called
synoviocytes, which are closer to the synovial cavity
(space between the bones), and a layer of connective tissue

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31
Q

mucous membrane

A

a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior. Mucous membranes line the entire digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts, and much of the urinary tract. They consist of a lining layer of epithelium and an underlying layer of connective tissue

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32
Q

cutaenous membrane

A

The cutaneous membrane or skin covers the entire surface of the body and consists
of a superficial portion called the epidermis and a deeper portion
called the dermis. The epidermis consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, which protects underlying tissues

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33
Q

cartilage

A

consists of a dense network of
collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin
sulfate, a gel-like component of the ground substance. Cartilage can
endure considerably more stress than loose and dense connective
tissues. The strength of cartilage is due to its collagen fibers, and its
resilience (ability to assume its original shape af er deformation) is
due to chondroitin sulfate.

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34
Q

connective tissue vs cartilage

A

cartilage does not have nerves or blood in its extracellular matrix

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35
Q

chondrocytes

A

Chondrocytes are the cells responsible for cartilage formation, and they are crucial for the process of endochondral ossification, which is useful for bone development.

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36
Q

lacuane

A

a cavity or depression, especially in bone

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37
Q

perichondrium

A

s a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone. It consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer.

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38
Q

body flora

A

flora is the term used to describe the microorganisms that exist on or within the human body, such as the gut flora or the skin flora

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39
Q

host/parasite realtionship

A

demostarted when the bacteria causes a mild to sereve infection. the bacterical species gains a foothold in the body, repilcates and initates a defensive response by the host.
bacterica causes the disease which is called a pathogen

OR

bacteria that have gained a foothold on a membrane surface nut do not intatie defensibe response are normal body flora.

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40
Q

lactobacilli (protection)

A

live on the mucous membrane lining in the vagina. their presence maintains an acid pH i the vagina during reproductive year. This high pH has an affect on pathogens

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41
Q

staphyococci and streotococci (protection)

A

present on the skin and the mucous membranes area adherent to these surfaces. They suppress the adherence of other more pathogenic species since they completely carpet the surface

42
Q

escherichia coli

A

present in the large intenstine and produces excess viatmin K. essential source of vitamin k for us.

43
Q

probiotics

A

dietary supplements which contain potentially benefitcal bacteria or yeast. these bacterias cultures are given to ensure the re-established/ and or maintaenance of normal body flora

44
Q

darkness in relation to bacteria growth

A

absence of light promotes bacterial growth. sunlight kills most bacteria within hours

the UVradiation light will damage the genetic material

45
Q

temp in relation to bacteria growth

A

for each specices there is an optimum temperture - dependent on bacterial habitat. above or below inhibits growth

46
Q

pH in relation to bacteria growth

A

optimum pH range for most bacteria is 6-8

outside the optimum range, hydrogen ions interfere with the metabolic processes.

47
Q

prebiotics

A

dietary supplements which contain food items which will stimulate growth or actviity of normal body flora

48
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage contains a resilient gel as ground substance and appears in the body as a bluish-white, shiny
substance (fine collagen fibers are not visible with ordinary staining
techniques) prominent chondrocytes are found in lacunae surrounded by perichondrium (exceptions: articular cartilage in joints and
cartilage of epiphyseal plates, where bones lengthen during growth).

Most abundant cartilage in body; at ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes,
embryonic and fetal skeleton.

Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility, and support; weakest type of cartilage and can be fractured.

49
Q

fribrocartilage

A

Fibrocartilage has chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibers within extracellular matrix; lacks perichondrium.

Pubic symphysis (where hip bones join anteriorly), intervertebral discs, menisci (cartilage pads) of knee, portions of tendons that insert
into cartilage.

Support and joining structures together. Strength and rigidity make it the strongest type of cartilage.

50
Q

elastic cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage has chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibers within extracellular matrix; perichondrium present.

Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis), part of external ear (auricle), auditory (eustachian) tubes.

Provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures.

51
Q

skeletal system

A

It gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores minerals

52
Q

two type of connective tissue that make up the skeletal system

A

Two major forms of supportive connective tissue, cartilage and bone, allow the body to maintain its posture and protect internal organs

53
Q

diaphysis

A

is the bone’s shaf

or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone

54
Q

epiphysis

A

are the proximal and distal ends of the bone

55
Q

articular cartilage

A

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering
the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint)
with another bone. Articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs
shock at freely movable joints. Because articular cartilage lacks a
perichondrium and lacks blood vessels, repair of damage is limited

56
Q

metaphyses

A

are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses. In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate, a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length

When a bone ceases to grow in length at about ages 14–24, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by
bone; the resulting bony structure is known as the epiphyseal line.

57
Q

periosteum

A

is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage

Some of the
cells enable bone to grow in thickness, but not in length. The periosteum also protects the bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons.

The periosteum is attached to the underlying bone by perforating fibers or Sharpey’s fibers, thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix

58
Q

endosteum

A

A membrane lining the inner surface of the bony wall also identified as the lining membrane of the Bone marrow cavity is endosteum; The endosteum lines the Haversian canal and all the internal cavities of the bone.

59
Q

medullary cavity

A

or
marrow cavity, is a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that
contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in
adults. This cavity minimizes the weight of the bone by reducing the
dense bony material where it is least needed. The long bones’ tubular design provides maximum strength with minimum weight.

60
Q

red marrow

A

Within certain bones, a connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets, a process called hemopoiesis.

Red bone marrow consists of developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages
within a network of reticular fibers

61
Q

yellow marrow

A

consists mainly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides. The stored triglycerides are a
potential chemical energy reserve.

62
Q

matirx

A

refers to the “stuff” in the cell

63
Q

osteoprogenitor (osteogenic cell)

A

develops into a osteoblast

64
Q

osteoblast

A

forms bone extraextracellular matrix

65
Q

osteoclast

A

functions in the reorsptioin, the breakdown of bones

make spongy bone

66
Q

spongy bone

A

also called trabecullar and cnacellous bone tissue

exclusisvely found interior to the compact bone

lamellae are arranged in long and irregualar shpaed columns called trabeculae

many spaces between trabeculae are filled with red or yellow bone marrow depending on bone type

67
Q

compact bone

A

very few spcases

osteon/haversian systems - concentric rings of osteocytes and mineralized ECM surronding a central canal with blood vessels, etc.

68
Q

flat bones

A

these bones are expanded into broad, flat plates, as the cranium(skull), the ilium(pelvis), stenrim and the rib cage

bones:
occcupital
parietal
frontal
nasal
lacrimal
vomer
hip bone (coxal)
sternum
ribs
scapulae
69
Q

long bones

A

a bone that has a shaft and 2 ends and is longer than it is wide

bones in upper limbs:
humerous
radius
ulua
metacarpals
phalanges
bones in lower:
tibia
fibula
femur
metatarsals
phalanges
70
Q

irregular bones

A

are bones which from their perculiar form, cannot be grouped as long, short, flat or sesamoid bones. protection of nervous system and multiple achor points for skeletal muscle attachment

boens:
vetrebae
sacrum
coccyx
temporal
manible
facial bones
71
Q

short bones

A

Short bones include the carpal bones of the hands that allow movement of the wrist, and the tarsal bones of the feet that allow movement of the ankle. Short bones are shaped roughly as a cube and contain mostly spongy bone. The outside surface is comprised of a thin layer of compact bone.

bone: carpus
tarsus

72
Q

seasmoid bone

A

A sesamoid bone is a small round bone that is imbedded within a tendon, whose purpose is to reinforce and decrease stress on that tendon

kneecap

73
Q

joint

A

a joint is the point at which two bones articulate. for two types of joint there is NO space and cavity between the two bones.

if the space between the two bones are filled with cartilage the joint is known as a catilgagenous joint. one example would be the costa cartilage between the first rib and the sternum

if the space between the two bones filled with dense fibrous connective tissue, it is called a fibrous joint an example of this would be the fibrous joint between flat bones of the skull

74
Q

vertebral body

A

Vertebral body is the thick oval segment of bone forming the front of the vertebra also called the centrum. The cavity of the vertebral body consists of cancellous bone tissue and is encircled by a protective layer of compact bone.

75
Q

vertebral arch

A

A circle of bone around the canal through which the spinal cord passes. A vertebral arch is composed of a floor at the back of the vertebra, walls (the pedicles), and a roof where two laminae join

The vertebral arch surrounds and protects the spinal cord

76
Q

vertebral foramen

A

In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen (opening) formed by the anterior segment (the body), and the posterior part, the vertebral arc

Within this foramen the spinal cord and associated meninges are housed

77
Q

intervertebral discs

A

The intervertebral disc (IVD) is important in the normal functioning of the spine. It is a cushion of fibrocartilage and the principal joint between two vertebrae in the spinal column.

They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together.

78
Q

ossification

A

Bone formation, also called ossification, process by which new bone is produced. Ossification begins about the third month of fetal life in humans and is completed by late adolescence

79
Q

intramembranous ossification

A
  1. menschyme is the connective tissue of the embryo that froms the flat bones and the clavicle (menschyme is a loose misture of cells filled in with collagen fibre in the ECM)
  2. menchumal cells reieve a signal to differentiate into osteogenic cells, and then forming a cluster of osteoblasts that becomes the ossification centre
  3. cells from the ossification centre start secreting ECM - this is known as osteoid- mainly collagen fibres and some chondroition sulfate
  4. cells are now surronded by their secretions and become osteocytes
  5. canaliculi are formed
  6. calcium and mineral salts are now released and the ECM begins to harden
  7. bone ECM begins to form ande develops into trabeculae that fuse together to form spongy bone
  8. blood vessels get trapped in the newly forming tissue
  9. connective tissue assoiated with the blood vessels turns into bone marrow
  10. the menchyme at the periphery of the bone begin to condense and form an intiially fibrous periosteum
  11. a thin layer of compact bone begins to replace the surface layers of the spongy bone based on the osteoblasts at the inner sirface of the new periosteum
80
Q

endochondral ossification

A
  1. hyaline cartilage is formed (mesenchymal cells crowd and differentiate into chrondroblasts)
  2. chondroblasts secrete ECM that is eventually covered by a membrane called the perichondrium
  3. growth of cartilage continues and buried chondroblasts become chondrocytes, which then. divide repeatly (also called intersitial growth)
  4. new chrondroblasts also emerge from the perichondrium and deposit more ECM on the surface increasing thickness
  5. chonrocytes in the middle region of the mass enlargen and their surronding material starts to calcify
  6. cells withini this region are now in tough material, no longer receiving nutrient supply (no blood vessels in model), and die, leacing an empty space which eventually become lacuane
  7. nutrient artery penetrates the perichondrium through nutrient foramen in the middle of the cartilage model
  8. osteogenic cells in the perichondrium become activiated by this and turn into soteoblasts (perichrium now called periosteum)
  9. near middle of model, periosteal arties grow into disintegreting calcified cartilage inducing grwoth of primary ossification centre
  10. osteoblasts deposit bone over the remnants of calcified cartilage, first forming trabeculae of spongy or cacellous bone - this will spread toards both ends of the model
  11. as growth of the primary ossification centre continues to expand to the ends of the model, osteoclasts break down some of the newly formed trabeculae, creating a cavity
  12. epiphyseal arties enter into the epiphyses, allowing for the fromation of secondary ossification centres
  13. chondrocytes die and are replacede by osteoblasts that form trabeculae and spongy bone
  14. the hyaline cartilage remaining at the edges become articular cartilage
  15. small amounts of hyaline cartilage remain in the metaphysis where the nutrient and epiphsyeal arties fail to reach
  16. thie becomes the epiphyseal playe, and will remian cartilage until you are about 20, then replaced with compact bone
81
Q

bone resorption

A

the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts

82
Q

bone deposition

A

the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

83
Q

human growth hormone

A

HGH, produced by the pituitary gland, spurs growth in children and adolescents. It also helps to regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth, sugar and fat metabolism, and possibly heart function

84
Q

thyroid hormone

A

thyroid is located in front of the neck and is responsible for the production of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland releases triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play an important role in regulation of your weight, energy levels, internal temperature, skin, hair, nail growth, and more

85
Q

estrogen

A

Estrogens are a group of hormones that play an important role in the normal sexual and reproductive development in women. They are also sex hormones. The woman’s ovaries make most estrogen hormones, although the adrenal glands and fat cells also make small amounts of the hormones

86
Q

testosterone

A

Testosterone is the male sex hormone that is made in the testicles. Testosterone hormone levels are important to normal male sexual development and functions. During puberty (in the teen years), testosterone helps boys develop male features like body and facial hair, deeper voice, and muscle strength

87
Q

parathryoid hormone vs calcitonin

A

Parathyroid hormone works in concert with another hormone, calcitonin, that is produced by the thyroid to maintain blood calcium levels. Parathyroid hormone acts to increase blood calcium levels, while calcitonin acts to decrease blood calcium levels

88
Q

perforating (volkmann’s) canals

A

Volkmann’s canals are any of the small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the haversian canals

they are the horizontal while the haversian canals will be going up and down

89
Q

central (haversain) canals

A

Compact bone consists of closely packed osteons or haversian systems. The osteon consists of a central canal called the osteonic (haversian) canal, which is surrounded by concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix.

The osteonic canals contain blood vessels that are parallel to the long axis of the bone

90
Q

lacunae

A

a cavity or depression, especially in bone

91
Q

canaliculi

A

canaliculus is a small canal or duct or passageway in the body

Bone canaliculus. It is a small channel in ossified bone, particularly between the lacunae of ossified bone

92
Q

lamallae

A

lamellae refers to a thin layer, membrane or plate of tissue

93
Q

concentric lamallae

A

The concentric lamellae are like tubes of different size fitting inside each other to make an osteon

tree rings

94
Q

intersitial lamallae

A

the interstitial lamellae fill the spaces between osteons

95
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

the circumferential lamellae run around the circumference of the bone

96
Q

ostoens

A

Osteons are formations characteristic of mature bone and take shape during the process of bone remodeling, or renewal

97
Q

trabeculae

A

trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod that supports or anchors a framework of parts within a body or organ

98
Q

sterilization

A

destruction of all microbes (including viruses and endospores) from an object

99
Q

Aseptic

A

An environment or procedure that is free of contamination.

100
Q

Disinfection

A

Use of physical or chemical agents (disinfectants) to destroy
microorganisms on inanimate objects

101
Q

Antisepsis

A

disinfection of living tissue (skin) with antiseptics

102
Q

Degerming

A

The removal of microbes from a surface by scrubbing. Soap and
alcohol are common degerming agents

BIOL 1160 (11 decks)

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