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BIOL 1160 > week 1 (intro to chem, proteins/carbohydrates, body cavities) > Flashcards

week 1 (intro to chem, proteins/carbohydrates, body cavities) Flashcards

1
Q

atom

A

A nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by a shell of orbiting electrons
(neutral)

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2
Q

valance electrons

A

of electrons on the outermost shell

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3
Q

why are valance electrons important

A

atoms are most stable when their valence shell is full

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4
Q

covalent bond

A

each atoms unpaired electron are SHARED by both nucli to fill their orbits

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5
Q

Ionic bonds

A

electrons are TRANSFERED between one atom to another

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6
Q

Non polar colvent bonds

A

electrons shared evenly between two atoms

bond is symmetrical

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7
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

electrons are shared unevenly

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8
Q

Electronegitive atoms

A

These atoms like to “hog” electrons (which in turn can create non polar covalent bonds)

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9
Q

examples of electronegtivie atoms

A

nitrogen
oxygen
clorine

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10
Q

positive electrolytes

A

cation

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11
Q

negative electrolytes

A

anion

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12
Q

Water

A

universal solvent

like dissolves like which means polar solvent(water) dissolves polar molucules

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13
Q

6 unique properties of water

A 
Liquid water is an excellent solvent
cohension
adhension
water is denser as a liquid than as a solid
water has a high specific heat
water has a high heat of vapourization
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14
Q

liquid water is an excellent solvent why?

A

it is stable
both ‘negitive’ and ‘positive’ sides
charged molecules love water

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15
Q

cohension

A

similar things attatrched together
binding between molcules
surface tension

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16
Q

adhension

A

attraction between two different particles

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17
Q

H20 denser as a liquid than solid

A

ice is less dense than water so it floats on itself

ice is more volumious/uniform shape than water

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18
Q

specific heat

A

amount of energy required to raise a temp of 1g of a sibstance by 1C. (how easy it si to increase the kinetic energy in a system)

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19
Q

calories

A

energy needed to do something

4.13

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20
Q

how much enegery is needed to change 1 mil of water by 1C

A

4.13J

or a calorie

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21
Q

heat of vapourization

A

the energy required to change 1g of a substance from liquid to gas

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22
Q

endothermic reactions

A

absorb/require heat to proceed
also known as anabolic or synthesis reactions
Gibbes free energy change ^G > 0 or a positive ^G (endergonic)
dehydration

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23
Q

exothermic reactions

A

release heat
also known as catabolic or decomp
GFEC ^G < 0 or a negitive ^G (exergonic)

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24
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work or supply heat

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25
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

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26
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of movement

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27
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy is conserved, it can not be destroyed on created

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28
Q

entropy

A

amount of disorder
spoutunous events favour disorder (exothermic)
entropy always increases (disorder increases)
disorder is opposite of energy it is the loss of it

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29
Q

what makes a reaction spontanous

A

products have lower potential energy and higher entropy than the reactants
products less ordered and more disordered than reactants
breaking bonds

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30
Q

hydrocarbons

A

carbon chain

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31
Q

amino function group

A

look for nitrogen
tend to attract protons
have NH2 group (can act as a base and pick up hydrogen which makes it a postivie charge)

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32
Q

carboxyl group

A

look for OH
tend to donate protons
hydrophllic

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33
Q

carbonyl group

A 
type of carbon chain 
hydrophillic
serve to link two large carbon containing molucules
ketones have R groups 
aldehydes have hydrogen
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34
Q

hydroxyl group

A

very electronegitive due to O
very polar and high solubitly (if oxygen is present in a molcule always expect polarity)
has O-H group
no carbon

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35
Q

phosphate group

A

phospolipid
acts as a means of transfering eneegry from one molcule too another
one end can be very polar which can create a hydrophobic end
contain PO4
ATP (transfers chemical energy between organic molecules during chemical reactions)

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36
Q

sulfhydryl group

A

can form disufide bond which is important to protien structure
very polar due to electronegitive of S
form disiphlfide bridges
secondary stucture
curly hair people have more of these groups
has S-H group

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37
Q

dissulfhydryl group

A

has two s instead of one

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38
Q

non - ionized amino acid

A

chiral carbon (carbon with four different things attached)
an amino group and a carboyl group (both neutral)
not an ion

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39
Q

ionized amino acid

A

amino group more postive and carboxyl group more negitive (whole structure neutral)
will deprotien in a basic solution (pH will depend on how will behave)

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40
Q

the importantance of charges in amino acids

A

if their charged they’re more likely to assoiate with water
make them more liekly to react with other compounds
hoe soluble a amino acid is depends on the pH of the solution they’re in

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41
Q

amino acid types

A

r group responsible for what the amino acid does
look for electronegative R groups (soluble with water, oxygen)
look for giving off proteins (negative charges) acidic
look for gaining proteins (postive charges) basic

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42
Q

polymer

A

repeating subnits

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43
Q

hydrolysis

A

water breaking bonds

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44
Q

primary protein structures

A

linear amino acids

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45
Q

secondary protein structures

A

2D structure created by interactions between amino acids
hydrogen bonding/electrostatic interactions
NOT a protein yet, a polypedtide

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46
Q

tertiary protein sturctures

A

3D structures created by interactions of R groups in amino acids of that polypemtide chain
happens due to hydrophoblic/hydrophillic interaction
depends on the pH of the enironment
about 4 apart

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47
Q

quanterany protein structures

A

assembly of multipke protiens into a function unit (liccute in salt)
2 or more polypedtide held together

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48
Q

protein folding

A

often spontantous

because of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions make folded molecule more stable than unfolden

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49
Q

denatured protein

A

unfolded protein that is not able to function normally
shape in altered
not destroyed, covlent bonds/peptides can be renatured(put in different enironment)

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50
Q

catalyst

A

speed up the rate of reaction (enzymes)

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51
Q

3 factors of rxns

A

concentratin
temp
angle of collision

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52
Q

reactant molecules bind to the active site

A

when the substrates binds to the enzyme’s activatino site, the enzyme changes shape slightly. This “induced fit” results in tigher binding of the substrates in the active site

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53
Q

electrostatics in moloecule binding

A

substrateas with electrostatic impressions can alter shape of enzyme
enzyme with electrostatic interaction can flex/change substrates

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54
Q

Three steps of enzyme action

A

initiation
transition state facilitation
termination

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55
Q

initiation process

A

reactants bind to the active site in a specific orientations, forming a enzyme-substrate complex
combining of both creates shape change which generates products
‘squeezed fit’

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56
Q

trnsition state facilitation

A 
interactions between enzyme and substrate lower the activiation energy required
induced fit (squeezed)
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57
Q

termination process

A

products have lower affinity for active site and are released. enzyme is unchanged after the reaction

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58
Q

competitive inhibition

A

occurs when a moolecule similar in size and shape to a substrate competes with it for the active site binding

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59
Q

allosteric regulation

A

occurs when a molecule casues a chnage in enzyme shapae by bindning to the enzyme at a location other than the active site

60
Q

cofactors of enzymes

A

coezymes
factors apoenzymes need to become holozyme
can be organic(minerals) and inorganic(vitamins)

61
Q

holoezymes vs apoenzymes

A

holoezymes are whole enzymes while apoanzymes need a coemzyme to function

62
Q

regions of body

A 
head(skull/face)
neck(supports head/attachs trunk)
trunk(chest,adomen,pelvic)
upper limbs(arms/shoulder)
lower limb(butt/legs)
63
Q

superior direct

A

towards head

64
Q

inferior direct

A

away from head

65
Q

aneterior direct

A

near front

66
Q

posterior direct

A

near back

67
Q

medial direct

A

near midline (left and right line)

68
Q

lateral direct

A

futher from midline

69
Q

intermediate direct

A

between two structures

70
Q

contralateral direct

A

opposite side as structure

71
Q

ipsililiateral direct

A

same side as structure

72
Q

proximal direct

A

nearer to attachment of limb to trunk or orgin of structure

73
Q

distal direct

A

futher to attachment of limb to trunk or orgin of structure

74
Q

superfical direct

A

on surface

75
Q

deep direct

A

internal

76
Q

sagittal plane

A

vertical plane

77
Q

midsagittal plane

A

equal vertical split of body/organ

78
Q

parasagittal plane

A

unequal vertical split of body/organ

79
Q

midline

A

equal vertical split of body

80
Q

frontal plane

A

split from back and front

81
Q

transverse plane

A

split horizontally

82
Q

oblique plane

A

split at an angle

83
Q

cranial cavity

A

formed by cranial bones, contains brain

84
Q

vertebral cavity

A

formed by vertebral column, contains spinal cord and beginning of spinal nerves

85
Q

thoracic cavity

A

chest

contains pleural, pericardical cavities and ediastinium

86
Q

pleural cavity

A

potential space between the layers of pleura that surrond the lungs

87
Q

pericardial cavity

A

potential space between the layer of pericardium that surrond the heart

88
Q

mediastinum cavity

A

central portioin of thoracic cavity, contains heart, thymus, espophus, trachea, several large blood vessels

89
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

subdivided into the abdomin and pelvic cavity

90
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intentine, most of larger intestine, derous membrane of the cavity is peritoneum

91
Q

pelvic cavity

A

contains urinary bladder, some of large intestine and reproductive organs

92
Q

what are all the cavities

A

cranial, vertebral, thoracic, plural, pericardical, mediastinium, abdominiopelvic, abdominal, pelvic

93
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers bosy surfaces, lines hallow organs, cavities and ducts. also forms glands. allows body to interact with internal/extental enironments

94
Q

connective tissue

A

protects/supports the bosy and it’s organ types bind organs together, store energy from fat, help provide body with immunity from disease

95
Q

muscular tissue

A

cells specialized for contraction and generation of force, in the process generates heat for the body

96
Q

nervous tissue

A

detects change in varity of conditions and respsonses by generating electeral signals call nerve action protenation

97
Q

different types of tissue

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

98
Q

major elements of body

A

oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon

99
Q

less elements of body

A

calcium, phosphous, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, megnesium and iron

100
Q

element

A

pure substance

101
Q

nucleus

A

contains protons n neutrons

102
Q

proton

A

carry charge (+)

103
Q

electron

A 
carry charges (-) 
orbit the nucleus
104
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

105
Q

how do valance charges form chemical bonds

A

atom is most stable when valence shells are filled this is through chemical bonding

106
Q

whats the nature of hydrogen bond

A

The hydrogen bond is an attractive interaction between a hydrogen atom from a molecule or a molecular fragment X–H in which X is more electronegative than H, and an atom or a group of atoms in the same or a different molecule, in which there is evidence of bond formation

107
Q

surface tension

A

surface tension happens when the combined effects of cohension and adhenison happens. this creates a meniscus

108
Q

properties of carbon (how they make it useful to formation of larger molecules

A

it is useful because it has four valance electrons

this always it to form many covlent bonds

109
Q

organic compounds relating to carbon

A

carbon is basically the foundation of organic compounds because of the 4 valance electrons in the outermost shell

110
Q

carbon skeleton

A

The term carbon skeleton is used to describe the pattern in which the carbon atoms are bonded together in a molecule

111
Q

hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon

112
Q

functional groupds relating to carbon

A

functional groups attach to carbon

functional groups have a specific arrangement of atoms

113
Q

monomer

A

Monomers are small molecules, mostly organic, that can join with other similar molecules to form very large molecules, or polymers

114
Q

monosaccharide

A

momers that are used to build carbohydrates

end is “ose” with the prefix of how many carbons coming first

115
Q

disaccharides carbohydrates

A

consists of two monosaccharides that have combined by dehydration synthesis

116
Q

simple sugar carbohydrates

A

monosaccharide and disaccharides are simple sugar carbohydrates

117
Q

polysaccharides carbohydrates

A

contains tens or hundreds of monosaccharide molecules joined through dehydration synthesis.
not soluble in water

118
Q

glycogen polysaccharides

A

a type of polysaccharide and main polysaccharide in the body.

119
Q

starch polysaccharides

A

polysaccarides that are formed by glucose in plants

in foods such as pasta

120
Q

cellulose polysaccharides

A

polysaccharides form from glucose by plants that cannot be digested human

121
Q

protein

A

A protein is a naturally occurring, extremely complex substance that consists of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds

122
Q

protien structural

A

form structural framework for various parts of the body

hair, kertain in skin, fingernails

123
Q

protein regulatory

A 
function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes
horomone insulin
124
Q

protein contractile

A

allow shortening of muscule cekks, which produces movements

mysosin, actin

125
Q

protein immunolgical

A

aid responses that protect the body against foregin substances and invading pathogen

126
Q

protein transport

A

carry vitual substances throughout the body

hemoglobin

127
Q

conformational change

A

The theory of induced fit predicts that enzymes undergo conformational changes as they bind their substrate

128
Q

enzyme

A

in living cells calayasts are protein molecules call enzymes

129
Q

three compents of enzymes

A
  1. enzymes are highly specific (each enzyme only binds with specific substrates)
  2. enzymes are efficient (can speed up reactions because they are an organic catalyst
  3. enzyme are subject to cellular controls (rate of synthesis and their concentration are dependant on the cells gene)
130
Q

organism

A

An organism is an individual form of life that is capable of growing and reproducing, and have one or more cells

131
Q

organ

A

Organ is the name we give to functional elements in the body and quite often they are also physically distinct such as your kidneys, your liver, your heart. Those are all defined by a shape and a location in your body and they are also defined by a function

132
Q

organ systen

A

An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions

133
Q

tissue

A

Tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit.

134
Q

cell

A

he smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body

135
Q

organelle

A

organelles are specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells

136
Q

moleule

A

a group of atoms bonded together

137
Q

cephalic

A

head

138
Q

cervical

A

neck

139
Q

brachial

A

arm

140
Q

forearm

A

antebrachial

141
Q

thigh

A

femoral

142
Q

leg

A

crural

143
Q

armpit

A

axillary

144
Q

inguinal

A

groin

145
Q

list the four quardates of the abdomonopelvic

A

left, right upper quadrant
left, right lower quadrant

vertical split (median line)
horizontal split (transumbilical line)
146
Q

nine abdomonopelvic region

A

row 1
right, left hypochondraic region
epigastic region

row 2
right,left lumbar region
umbilical region

row 3
right,left inguinal region
hypogastric region

147
Q

4 lines for nine regions

A

vertical
right,left midclavicular lines

horizontal (top) - subcostal line
horizontal (bottom) - transtubercular line

BIOL 1160 (11 decks)

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