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BIOL 1160 > week 8 (cardiac system, heart function/structure, cardiac physiology, circulation) > Flashcards

week 8 (cardiac system, heart function/structure, cardiac physiology, circulation) Flashcards

1
Q

pericaridum

A

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart

It confines the heart to its position in the mediastinum, while allowing sufficient freedom of movement for vigorous and rapid contraction.

two main parts:
(1) the fibrous pericardium
(2) the serous
pericardium

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2
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

composed of tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue

prevents overstretching of the heart, provides protection, and anchors the heart in the
mediastinum

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3
Q

serous (partieal and visceral pericardium)

A

layers of the serous pericardium is a thin film of lubricating serous fluid known as pericardial fluid which reduces friction between the layers of the serous pericardium as the heart moves

The space that contains the few milliliters
of pericardial fluid is called the pericardial cavity

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4
Q

significant of pericardial space

A

mechanical protection for the heart and big vessels, and a lubrication to reduce friction between the heart and the surrounding structures

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5
Q

endocardium

A

thin layer of endothelium overlying a thin layer of connective tissue. It provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves of the heart. The smooth endothelial lining minimizes
the surface friction as blood passes through the heart

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6
Q

myocaridum

A

is responsible for the pumping action of the heart and is composed of cardiac
muscle tissue.

The cardiac muscle fibers are organized in bundles that swirl diagonally around the heart and generate the strong pumping actions of the heart

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7
Q

epicardium

A

epicardium is composed of two tissue
layers. The outermost is the visceral layer of
the serous pericardium and is composed of mesothelium. Beneath the mesothelium is a variable layer of delicate fibroelastic tissue and adipose tissue.

imparts a smooth, slippery texture to the outermost surface of the heart. The epicardium contains
blood vessels, lymphatics, and vessels that supply the myocardium.

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8
Q

why is the is the myocardium of ventricles thicker than the myocardium of the atrium

A

This is because blood is pumped out of the heart at greater pressure from these chambers compared to the atrium

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9
Q

how does endocardium serve protective function for the heart

A

A tissue covering the inside of the heart, the endocardium keeps the blood flowing through the heart separate from the myocardium,

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10
Q

difference between normal and the specialized tissue of the conduction system in the heart

A

specialized cardiac muscle fibers called autorhythmic fibers

They act as a pacemaker, setting the rhythm of electrical excitation
that causes contraction of the heart.

They form the cardiac conduction system

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11
Q

cardic cycle

A 
Atrial and Ventricular diastole (chambers are relaxed and filling with blood)
Atrial systole (atria contract and remaining blood is pushed into ventricles)
Ventricular systole (ventricles contract and push blood out through aorta and pulmonary artery)
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12
Q

systole

A

During atrial systole, which lasts about 0.1 sec,
the atria are contracting. At the same time, the ventricles are relaxed

During ventricular systole, which lasts
about 0.3 sec, the ventricles are contracting

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13
Q

diastole

A

ventricles relax in ventrical disstole

artia relax during atrial distole

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14
Q

sinoartial node (SA)

A

generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract

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15
Q

atriventricular node (AV)

A

controls the passage of the heart’s electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles

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16
Q

atrioventricular bundle

A

specialized for electrical conduction that transmits the electrical impulses from the AV node

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17
Q

right and left bundle branchesx

A

The bundle of His is an important part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, as it transmits impulses from the atrioventricular node, located at the anterior-inferior end of the interatrial septum, to the ventricles of the heart.

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18
Q

purkinje fibres

A

electrical conduction of impulse to the ventricular muscle

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19
Q

autorhythmicity

A

Contractions of the heart (heartbeats) are controlled by specialized cardiac muscle cells called pacemaker cells that directly control heart rate

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20
Q

conduction pathway

A

sinoatrial (SA) node
atrioventricular (AV) node
atrioventricular
(AV) bundle
right and left bundle branches

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21
Q

location of heart (cavity)

A

The heart is located in the mediastinum, with two-thirds of its mass to the left of the midline.

it is by the thoriac cavity

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22
Q

apex

A

You can visualize the heart as a cone lying on its side. The pointed apex is formed by the tip of the lef ventricle (a lower chamber of the heart) and rests on the diaphragm. It is directed anteriorly, inferiorly, and to the lef .

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23
Q

base

A

base of the heart is opposite the apex and is its posterior aspect. It is formed by the atria (upper chambers) of the heart, mostly the lef atrium

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24
Q

blood supply to and from the myocardium

A

The coronary arteries provide the main blood supply to the heart. The coronary arteries also supply the myocardium with oxygen to allow for the contraction of the heart and thus causing circulation of the blood throughout the body

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25
Q

coronary circulation

A

part of the systemic circulatory system that supplies blood to and provides drainage from the tissues of the heart. … Deoxygenated blood is returned to the chambers of the heart via coronary veins; most of these converge to form the coronary venous sinus, which drains into the right atrium.

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26
Q

electrocardiogram(ECG)

A

records the electrical signal from your heart to check for different heart conditions.

27
Q

P wave

A

a P wave happens when the atrium systole

28
Q

QRS complex

A

happens when atrium fills ventricles

29
Q

T wave

A

happens when there is ventriclukar sytoles

30
Q

atrial systole

A
  • *conduction system role:** exicte the artuim walls to contract
  • *myocardium role**: contract atrium
  • *pressure change**: lower pressure in heart
  • *action of valves**: the valves of the atrium are open
  • *direction of blood flow**: from superior/inferior vena cava to atrium, blood also starts going to the ventricules
31
Q

ventricular filling

A
  • *conduction system role**: to not exicte the ventricules as they need to be relaxed to fill
  • *myocardium role**: relax ventricules to allow for filling
  • *pressure change**: aortic pressure decreases and the pressure in ventricles are low
  • *action of valves:** valves are open to allow for filling
  • *direction of blood flow**: into the ventricles
32
Q

ventricular systole (early atrial diastole)

A
  • *conduction system role**: to exicte the ventricles
  • *myocardium role**: contract the ventricles and start to relax the atriums
  • *pressure change**: high pressure in aoarta and ventricles low in atriums
  • *action of valves:** bicups and tricusp valves close, aortic valve opens
  • *direction of blood flow:** from the ventricles to the aorta
33
Q

ventricular diastole

A
  • *conduction system role:** to not exicte the ventricules
  • *myocardium role**: to keep the ventrciles relaxed
  • *pressure change**: pressure is very minimum everywheree
  • *action of valves**: aortic valve closed, bicups valve open
  • *direction of blood flow:** into atrium/ventricules
34
Q

automatic regulation of heart

A

Heart rate is controlled by the two branches of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) releases the hormones (catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine) to accelerate the heart rate.

The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) releases the hormone acetylcholine to slow the heart rate.

35
Q

cardiac accelrator nerves

A

cardioaccelerator center stimulates cardiac function by regulating heart rate and stroke volume via sympathetic stimulation from the cardiac accelerator nerve.

will realse epipierhein from the medula and of the adrenal gland

36
Q

vagus nerve

A

Parasympathetic nerve impulses reach the heart via the right and lef vagus (X) nerves. Vagal axons terminate in the SA node, AV node, and atrial myocardium. They release acetylcholine, which decreases heart rate by slowing the rate of spontaneous depolarization in autorhythmic fibers.

37
Q

temp on heart rate

A

High temperatures and high humidity can cause more blood flow to the skin. This causes the heart to beat faster while circulating twice as much blood per minute than on a normal day.

38
Q

exersise on heart rate

A

When exersising, the muscles need more blood to do the hard work, causing the heart to beat faster

39
Q

emotions on heart rate

A

if one is in fear or anxious hard rate will most likely go up but if one if relaxed it will go down

40
Q

sex on heart rate

A

heart rate will increase to send blood to reproductive areas needed for sex

41
Q

age on heart rate

A

As you grow older, your pulse rate is about the same as before. But when you exercise, it may take longer for your pulse to increase and longer for it to slow down afterward.

42
Q

epinephrine on heart rate

A

will accerate heart rate

43
Q

cation concentrations on heart rate

A

increase of sodium stiffens and narrows your blood vessels making your heart pump faster with more pressure to get oxygen to where your body needs it — resulting in higher blood pressure.

Potassium helps keep your heart beating at the right pace

Heart rate was increased by calcium

44
Q

artial blood pressure

A

Arterial blood pressure is defined as the force that is exerted by the blood on the arterial wall.

45
Q

arterial blood volume

A

the adequacy of the arterial blood volume to “fill” the capacity of the arterial vasculature.

46
Q

relationship between arterial blood volume and pressure

A

higher the volume, higher the pressure

47
Q

three critical factors that influence arterial blood pressure

A

cardiac output: the volume of blood moved from each ventricle per minute

total peripheral (vascular) resistance: the opposition to blood flow mainly due to friction between the blood and the walls of the arteries, capillaries and veins

blood volume: the amount of blood present in the circulatory system

48
Q

heart rate

A

how fast your heart beats

49
Q

stroke volume

A

Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each cardiac cycle.

50
Q

effect of heart rate and stroke volume on cardiac output

A

heart rate added to stroke volume equals cardiac output

51
Q

effect of cardiac output on arterial blood volume and arterial blood pressure

A

if there is more output there will be higher blood volume and blood pressure

52
Q

how does heart rate influence blood pressure

A

higher heart rate would increase blood pressure

53
Q

skeletal muscle contraction in relation to blood flow

A

if there is more muscle contraction there will be higher blood flow and also higher heart rate

54
Q

respiration on blood flow

A

Pulmonary circulation facilitates the process of external respiration: Deoxygenated blood flows into the lungs. It absorbs oxygen from tiny air sacs (the alveoli) and releases carbon dioxide to be exhaled

55
Q

preload

A

the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts

56
Q

moyocardial contractiability

A

the forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers

57
Q

afterload

A

the pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles can occur.

58
Q

vasular resistance

A

is the resistance in the circulatory system that is used to create blood pressure, the flow of blood and is also a component of cardiac function. When blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction) this leads to an increase in SVR. When blood vessels dilate (vasodilation), this leads to a decrease in SVR.

59
Q

why are artioles a major site for controlling total peripheral restistace

A

becuase they shink the size of the vessel the blood is in which causes more pressure and more restistance. If this was not done, the capillaries would have a more likely chance of bursting.

60
Q

heart rate in relation to nerbous system

A

h

61
Q

blood vessel diameter in relation to heart rate

A

h

62
Q

areas of myocardium supplied by right cornoy artery

A

The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right ventricle, the right atrium, and the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes

63
Q

areas of myocardium supplied by left conoary artery

A

he left main coronary artery supplies blood to the left side of the heart muscle (the left ventricle and left atrium).

64
Q

function of coronary sinus

A

The coronary sinus is the major venous tributary of the greater cardiac venous system; it is responsible for draining most of the deoxygenated blood leaving the myocardium

BIOL 1160 (11 decks)

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