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BIOL 1160 > week 2 (lipids, body fluids, transport processes) > Flashcards

week 2 (lipids, body fluids, transport processes) Flashcards

1
Q

hydrophobic (non polar) and what it has to do with relation to hydrogen bonds

A

hydrophoblic does not love water and will not dissolve

hydrogen bonds are not present in hydrophoblic moleucles because they dont like water

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2
Q

hydrophilic (polar) and what it has to do with relation to hydrogen bonds

A

hydrophillic loves water and will dissolve in it

hydrogen bond are present in hydrophilic reactions

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3
Q

amphipathic and what it has to do with relation to hydrogen bonds

A

“duel sympathy”

any molecule that has both a polar and non polar end.

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4
Q

fatty acids

A

simpler form of a lipid
they are used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholips
they can also be catobliozed to create ATP
they consist of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon cahin.

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5
Q

triglycerides

A

most plentiful lipids in your body

consist of single glycerol(linked by ester) and three fatty acid molecules

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6
Q

phospholipids

A

have a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids attached.

they have one polar and one non polar end

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7
Q

steroids (sterols)

A

a family of lipids distinguished by a four ring structure

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8
Q

lipoproteins

A

Lipoproteins are substances made of protein and fat

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9
Q

eicosanoids

A

inflammatory mediators primarily generated by hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids

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10
Q

describe the structure of fatty acids

A

they consist of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon group

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11
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

contains only single bonds
more linear shape (less kinky)
it’s saturated with hydrogen bonds
found in deep frying oils, dairy products
products high ini saturation are more resistant to heat, oxidation

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12
Q

phospholipid bilayer fluid mosaic model

A

a phsopholipid bilayer would be conposted of phosophlipids

the hydrophillic head will be interacting with water
the hydrophobic tails interact with eachother

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13
Q

proteins while referring to fluid mosaic model

A

proteins can create a cannel to be able to let certain molecules through the lipid bilayer
they create ‘pores’

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14
Q

integral (transmembranae) proteins

A

they are proteins that can allow certain molecules through the lipid bilayer

there is a new different ways they do this
it is like a tunnel or channel

transmembrane proteins go though the entire lipid bilayer

coil like

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15
Q

peripheral proteins

A

are proteins that are only attached to the hydrophilic ends of the lipids so they are not fully imbedded into the membrane

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16
Q

gylcoprotein

A

proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protude into the extracellular fluids

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17
Q

selective permeabillity

A

means that only certain things can go through.

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18
Q

unstaurated fatty acids

A 
contains one for more double bonds
MUFA (one)
PUFA (more than one)
more blucky because of shape.
found in vegetable oils
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19
Q

what can pass through the bilayer

A

very small
not charged
hydrophobic

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20
Q

what factors affect membrane permeability

A

length of fatty acid chain (if too far apart wont work and too close wont work) this is because of the Van der Wall forces (electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions)

saturation (if there are double bonds it will be ‘bulkier’ membrane)

tempture (if heated up it can become more fluid)

presence of cis and trans bonds

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21
Q

body fluid

A

Body fluids, bodily fluids, or biofluids are liquids within the human body

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22
Q

fluid balance

A

Fluid balance is a term used to describe the balance of the input and output of fluids in the body to allow metabolic processes to function correctly

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23
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

the fluids that are found on the inside of the cell

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24
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

fluids found on the outside on the cell including interstitial fluid and plasma

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25
Q

interstitial fluid(ISF)

A

the fluids that are found on the outside of the cell and between blood. not in blood

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26
Q

plasma

A

blood

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27
Q

average volume percentage of intracellular, interstitial fluid and plasma in your body

A 
total body water - 40L 60%
intracellular - 25L 40% of BW
extracellular- 15L 20% BW
interstitial fluid - 12L 80% ECF
plasma - 3L 20% ECF
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28
Q

what two factors determine the percent of total body weight that is water in a person

A

The amount of water in the body changes slightly with age, sex, and hydration levels

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29
Q

what source and average volume of water gain and loss in the body in a 24 hr period

A

Most mature adults lose about 2.5 to 3 litres of water per day

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30
Q

how is water the major constituent of body fluid

A

All cells in the human body are made mostly of water content in their cytoplasm. Water molecule: A 3-dimensional model of hydrogen bonds (labeled 1) between molecules of water. Water also provides a fluid environment for extracellular communication and molecular transport throughout the body

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31
Q

solution

A

solute and solvent

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32
Q

dissociation

A

The act of separating or state of being separated

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33
Q

electrolyte

A

electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar solvent, such as water. The dissolved electrolyte separates into cations and anions, which disperse uniformly through the solvent

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34
Q

ion

A

any atom or group of atoms that bears one or more positive or negative electrical charges

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35
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged ion

36
Q

cation

A

a positively charged ion

37
Q

what ion does NaCl dissociate in

A

one sodium ion and one chloride ion

38
Q

what ion does H2CO3 dissociate in

A

As carbon dioxide enters the blood, it combines with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

39
Q

what ion does Ca3(PO4)2 dissociate in

A

The compound Ca3(PO4)2 is the molecule Calcium Phosphate. It takes three +2 calcium ions to balance with two -3 phosphate ions in order for the ionic charges to be equal an opposite

40
Q

does proteins have more plasma/interstital fluid or intracellular?

A

protiens have 20 plasma
2 IF
and 50 ICF

41
Q

does HCO3 have more plasma/interstital fluid or intracellular?

A

P/ IF is higher
ICF is lower

but they are all pretty close

42
Q

six primary functions electrolytes in the body

A

a) synthesis of body compoents/products
b) maintenance of acid/base balance nessary for cellular activities
c) control of osmosis of water between body components
d) role in establishing cell membrane potnential differences
e) role as ‘messanger’ - triggweing a change in cell activity
f) role in active cotransport of solutes across membranes

43
Q

what is the electrolyte balance for sodium and potassium

A

Definitions of electrolyte balance. an equilibrium between the amounts of electrolytes (as calcium and sodium and potassium) that is essential for normal health and functioning.

44
Q

the importantance of fluid balance and solute concentration

A

if there is too much solute on the inside of the cell it can burst, if there is too much solute outside the cell it could shink. both would affect the funciton of the cell.

45
Q

acid

A

things with H

have lower pH 7-1

46
Q

base

A

things OH

have high pH 7-14

47
Q

salt

A

Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride, a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in the form of a natural crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite

48
Q

what is the pH range for plasma

A

Your blood has a normal pH range of 7.35 to 7.45. This means that blood is naturally slightly alkaline or basic

49
Q

how will the number of OH level and H level determine the body fluid pH level

A

IF there is more OH that means it will be more basic. If there is more H that means it will be more acidity.

50
Q

acid/base balance

A

The body’s balance between acidity and alkalinity is referred to as acid-base balance. The blood’s acid-base balance is precisely controlled because even a minor deviation from the normal range can severely affect many organs. The body uses different mechanisms to control the blood’s acid-base balance

51
Q

why is it important to maintain normal pH for body cells and cellular activity

A

if there is not a normal pH level in your body cells it will effect how they function. The enironment of the cell depicts what it will do.

52
Q

solute

A

the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent

53
Q

solvent

A

A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution

54
Q

what constituents a body fluid as a solvent

A

it is the major component in a solution

55
Q

what constituents a body fluid as a solvent

A

it is the minor component in a solution

56
Q

what is the significance of substances in and out of the cell

A

cell activity is dependent on its interaction with its external environment. an important aspect of this is is the interaction that occurs across the cell membrane. certain materials must be brought into the cell (water, glucose, oxygen, ions, etc) and others must be brought out of the cell (cell products, CO2, ammonia). this exchange across the membrane must support the metabolic activity of the cell.

57
Q

how does a membrane show selective permeabilty

A

if only certain substances can pass through unassitsed.

58
Q

passive (physical) processes

A

processes that don’t require ATP

59
Q

active (physiological) process

A

always require proteins/ATP

primary and secondary

60
Q

simple diffusion

A

can go through without help

61
Q

facilicated diffusion

A

need energy or help to go through

62
Q

kinetic enegry

A

energy due to motion

63
Q

concentration gradient

A

when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another. In passive transport, particles will diffuse down a concentration gradient, from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, until they are evenly spaced

64
Q

how are concentration gradients involved in the process of diffusion

A

Molecules diffuse from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration, down a concentration gradient. … Higher concentration gradients will result in higher rates of diffusion

65
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water through semi-permable membrane(passive transport)

goes from low solute cont. to high cont.
overall concentration of water will rise (water level rises)

66
Q

aquaporins and how they relate to osmosis

A

aqauporin are ‘water pores’

they help diffuse a larger number of H20 at a time

they are transmembrane protiens

only water can pass through

in osmosis they would help water moevements speed up by 10x

67
Q

osmotic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure is defined as the pressure that must be applied to the solution side to stop fluid movement when a semipermeable membrane separates a solution from pure water

68
Q

hydrostatic pressure and how it involved with filration

A

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure that is exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity

69
Q

filration

A

Filtration is a physical or chemical separation process that separates solid matter and fluid from a mixture using a filter medium that has a complex structure through which only the fluid can pass

70
Q

active transport

A

requires some sort of energy input (ATP)
molecules move UP their concentration gradienets
enegery comes from ATP hydrolysis (pumps)

71
Q

primary transports

A

directly uses a source of chemical energy to move molecules across a membrane against their gradient

72
Q

transports

A

uses a electrochemical gradient (generated by active transport) as an energy source to move molecules thieir graident

requires two ionds

73
Q

endocytosis

A

Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane, which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested material

74
Q

phagocytosis

A

Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. It is one type of endocytosis. A cell that performs phagocytosis is called a phagocyte

75
Q

pinocytosis

A

a process by which liquid droplets are ingested by living cells. Pinocytosis is one type of endocytosis, the general process by which cells engulf external substances, gathering them into special membrane-bound vesicles contained within the cell

76
Q

recetpor mediated endocytosis

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a means to import macromolecules from the extracellular fluid

77
Q

hypotonic solution

A

the solution outside the membrane has a lower soluter(less salty) than inside. The water will move towards the solute on the inside on the cell

cell swells or even bursts

78
Q

isotonic solution

A

the solution on the outside and the solution on the inside of the membrane are the same concentration of solute.

79
Q

hypertonic solution

A

the solution outside the membrane has a higher solute (saltier) than inside the cell. The water will move towards the solute on the outside of the cell

cell shrinks

80
Q

main factors of fluid balance in each body fluid compartments

A

the main factors of fluid balance(water movemment) between intracellular and interstitual fluid is the electrolyte concentrations, specifically sodium in the ISF and potassium in the ICF. Potassium is therefore labelled “the major intercellular electrolyte” while sodium is labelled “the major extracellular electrolyte”.

a main factor of fluid movement between blood plasma and interstitual fluid is the blood protiein concentration in the plasma (which creates blood osmotic pressure) this osmotic pressure would tend to move fluid from ISF into the plasma

81
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of molecules down conecentrstion gradients from an area of high cont. to low cont.

only works if the membrane is permeable to the molecule

82
Q

transporters

A

binds is what is beinging transported and carries across

83
Q

passive transport (pumps)

A

move down an eletrochemical gradient
two varibles
1) concentration (want to even out)
2)electro charge ( opposites attract)

84
Q

P/IF is lower

ICF is higher

A

SO4
H2PO4
Ca
K

85
Q

P/ IF is higher

ICF is lower

A

Na

Cl

BIOL 1160 (11 decks)

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