week 2 (lipids, body fluids, transport processes)

Question 1

hydrophobic (non polar) and what it has to do with relation to hydrogen bonds

Answer 1

hydrophoblic does not love water and will not dissolve

hydrogen bonds are not present in hydrophoblic moleucles because they dont like water

Question 2

hydrophilic (polar) and what it has to do with relation to hydrogen bonds

Answer 2

hydrophillic loves water and will dissolve in it

hydrogen bond are present in hydrophilic reactions

Question 3

amphipathic and what it has to do with relation to hydrogen bonds

Answer 3

“duel sympathy”

any molecule that has both a polar and non polar end.

Question 4

fatty acids

Answer 4

simpler form of a lipid
they are used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholips
they can also be catobliozed to create ATP
they consist of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon cahin.

Question 5

triglycerides

Answer 5

most plentiful lipids in your body

consist of single glycerol(linked by ester) and three fatty acid molecules

Question 6

phospholipids

Answer 6

have a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids attached.

they have one polar and one non polar end

Question 7

steroids (sterols)

Answer 7

a family of lipids distinguished by a four ring structure

Question 8

lipoproteins

Answer 8

Lipoproteins are substances made of protein and fat

Question 9

eicosanoids

Answer 9

inflammatory mediators primarily generated by hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids

Question 10

describe the structure of fatty acids

Answer 10

they consist of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon group

Question 11

saturated fatty acids

Answer 11

contains only single bonds
more linear shape (less kinky)
it’s saturated with hydrogen bonds
found in deep frying oils, dairy products
products high ini saturation are more resistant to heat, oxidation

Question 12

phospholipid bilayer fluid mosaic model

Answer 12

a phsopholipid bilayer would be conposted of phosophlipids

the hydrophillic head will be interacting with water
the hydrophobic tails interact with eachother

Question 13

proteins while referring to fluid mosaic model

Answer 13

proteins can create a cannel to be able to let certain molecules through the lipid bilayer
they create ‘pores’

Question 14

integral (transmembranae) proteins

Answer 14

they are proteins that can allow certain molecules through the lipid bilayer

there is a new different ways they do this
it is like a tunnel or channel

transmembrane proteins go though the entire lipid bilayer

coil like

Question 15

peripheral proteins

Answer 15

are proteins that are only attached to the hydrophilic ends of the lipids so they are not fully imbedded into the membrane

Question 16

gylcoprotein

Answer 16

proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protude into the extracellular fluids

Question 17

selective permeabillity

Answer 17

means that only certain things can go through.

Question 18

unstaurated fatty acids

Answer 18

contains one for more double bonds
MUFA (one)
PUFA (more than one)
more blucky because of shape.
found in vegetable oils

Question 19

what can pass through the bilayer

Answer 19

very small
not charged
hydrophobic

Question 20

what factors affect membrane permeability

Answer 20

length of fatty acid chain (if too far apart wont work and too close wont work) this is because of the Van der Wall forces (electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions)

saturation (if there are double bonds it will be ‘bulkier’ membrane)

tempture (if heated up it can become more fluid)

presence of cis and trans bonds

Question 21

body fluid

Answer 21

Body fluids, bodily fluids, or biofluids are liquids within the human body

Question 22

fluid balance

Answer 22

Fluid balance is a term used to describe the balance of the input and output of fluids in the body to allow metabolic processes to function correctly

Question 23

intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 23

the fluids that are found on the inside of the cell

Question 24

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 24

fluids found on the outside on the cell including interstitial fluid and plasma

Question 25

interstitial fluid(ISF)

Answer 25

the fluids that are found on the outside of the cell and between blood. not in blood

Question 26

plasma

Answer 26

blood

Question 27

average volume percentage of intracellular, interstitial fluid and plasma in your body

Answer 27

``` total body water - 40L 60% intracellular - 25L 40% of BW extracellular- 15L 20% BW interstitial fluid - 12L 80% ECF plasma - 3L 20% ECF ```

Question 28

what two factors determine the percent of total body weight that is water in a person

Answer 28

The amount of water in the body changes slightly with age, sex, and hydration levels

Question 29

what source and average volume of water gain and loss in the body in a 24 hr period

Answer 29

Most mature adults lose about 2.5 to 3 litres of water per day

Question 30

how is water the major constituent of body fluid

Answer 30

All cells in the human body are made mostly of water content in their cytoplasm. Water molecule: A 3-dimensional model of hydrogen bonds (labeled 1) between molecules of water. Water also provides a fluid environment for extracellular communication and molecular transport throughout the body

Question 31

solution

Answer 31

solute and solvent

Question 32

dissociation

Answer 32

The act of separating or state of being separated

Question 33

electrolyte

Answer 33

electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar solvent, such as water. The dissolved electrolyte separates into cations and anions, which disperse uniformly through the solvent

Question 34

ion

Answer 34

any atom or group of atoms that bears one or more positive or negative electrical charges

Question 35

anion

Answer 35

a negatively charged ion

Question 36

cation

Answer 36

a positively charged ion

Question 37

what ion does NaCl dissociate in

Answer 37

one sodium ion and one chloride ion

Question 38

what ion does H2CO3 dissociate in

Answer 38

As carbon dioxide enters the blood, it combines with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

Question 39

what ion does Ca3(PO4)2 dissociate in

Answer 39

The compound Ca3(PO4)2 is the molecule Calcium Phosphate. It takes three +2 calcium ions to balance with two -3 phosphate ions in order for the ionic charges to be equal an opposite

Question 40

does proteins have more plasma/interstital fluid or intracellular?

Answer 40

protiens have 20 plasma 2 IF and 50 ICF

Question 41

does HCO3 have more plasma/interstital fluid or intracellular?

Answer 41

P/ IF is higher ICF is lower but they are all pretty close

Question 42

six primary functions electrolytes in the body

Answer 42

a) synthesis of body compoents/products b) maintenance of acid/base balance nessary for cellular activities c) control of osmosis of water between body components d) role in establishing cell membrane potnential differences e) role as 'messanger' - triggweing a change in cell activity f) role in active cotransport of solutes across membranes

Question 43

what is the electrolyte balance for sodium and potassium

Answer 43

Definitions of electrolyte balance. an equilibrium between the amounts of electrolytes (as calcium and sodium and potassium) that is essential for normal health and functioning.

Question 44

the importantance of fluid balance and solute concentration

Answer 44

if there is too much solute on the inside of the cell it can burst, if there is too much solute outside the cell it could shink. both would affect the funciton of the cell.

Question 45

acid

Answer 45

things with H | have lower pH 7-1

Question 46

base

Answer 46

things OH | have high pH 7-14

Question 47

salt

Answer 47

Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride, a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in the form of a natural crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite

Question 48

what is the pH range for plasma

Answer 48

Your blood has a normal pH range of 7.35 to 7.45. This means that blood is naturally slightly alkaline or basic

Question 49

how will the number of OH level and H level determine the body fluid pH level

Answer 49

IF there is more OH that means it will be more basic. If there is more H that means it will be more acidity.

Question 50

acid/base balance

Answer 50

The body's balance between acidity and alkalinity is referred to as acid-base balance. The blood's acid-base balance is precisely controlled because even a minor deviation from the normal range can severely affect many organs. The body uses different mechanisms to control the blood's acid-base balance

Question 51

why is it important to maintain normal pH for body cells and cellular activity

Answer 51

if there is not a normal pH level in your body cells it will effect how they function. The enironment of the cell depicts what it will do.

Question 52

solute

Answer 52

the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent

Question 53

solvent

Answer 53

A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution

Question 54

what constituents a body fluid as a solvent

Answer 54

it is the major component in a solution

Question 55

what constituents a body fluid as a solvent

Answer 55

it is the minor component in a solution

Question 56

what is the significance of substances in and out of the cell

Answer 56

cell activity is dependent on its interaction with its external environment. an important aspect of this is is the interaction that occurs across the cell membrane. certain materials must be brought into the cell (water, glucose, oxygen, ions, etc) and others must be brought out of the cell (cell products, CO2, ammonia). this exchange across the membrane must support the metabolic activity of the cell.

Question 57

how does a membrane show selective permeabilty

Answer 57

if only certain substances can pass through unassitsed.

Question 58

passive (physical) processes

Answer 58

processes that don't require ATP

Question 59

active (physiological) process

Answer 59

always require proteins/ATP | primary and secondary

Question 60

simple diffusion

Answer 60

can go through without help

Question 61

facilicated diffusion

Answer 61

need energy or help to go through

Question 62

kinetic enegry

Answer 62

energy due to motion

Question 63

concentration gradient

Answer 63

when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another. In passive transport, particles will diffuse down a concentration gradient, from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, until they are evenly spaced

Question 64

how are concentration gradients involved in the process of diffusion

Answer 64

Molecules diffuse from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration, down a concentration gradient. ... Higher concentration gradients will result in higher rates of diffusion

Question 65

osmosis

Answer 65

movement of water through semi-permable membrane(passive transport) goes from low solute cont. to high cont. overall concentration of water will rise (water level rises)

Question 66

aquaporins and how they relate to osmosis

Answer 66

aqauporin are 'water pores' they help diffuse a larger number of H20 at a time they are transmembrane protiens only water can pass through in osmosis they would help water moevements speed up by 10x

Question 67

osmotic pressure

Answer 67

Osmotic pressure is defined as the pressure that must be applied to the solution side to stop fluid movement when a semipermeable membrane separates a solution from pure water

Question 68

hydrostatic pressure and how it involved with filration

Answer 68

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure that is exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity

Question 69

filration

Answer 69

Filtration is a physical or chemical separation process that separates solid matter and fluid from a mixture using a filter medium that has a complex structure through which only the fluid can pass

Question 70

active transport

Answer 70

requires some sort of energy input (ATP) molecules move UP their concentration gradienets enegery comes from ATP hydrolysis (pumps)

Question 71

primary transports

Answer 71

directly uses a source of chemical energy to move molecules across a membrane against their gradient

Question 72

transports

Answer 72

uses a electrochemical gradient (generated by active transport) as an energy source to move molecules thieir graident requires two ionds

Question 73

endocytosis

Answer 73

Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane, which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested material

Question 74

phagocytosis

Answer 74

Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. It is one type of endocytosis. A cell that performs phagocytosis is called a phagocyte

Question 75

pinocytosis

Answer 75

a process by which liquid droplets are ingested by living cells. Pinocytosis is one type of endocytosis, the general process by which cells engulf external substances, gathering them into special membrane-bound vesicles contained within the cell

Question 76

recetpor mediated endocytosis

Answer 76

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a means to import macromolecules from the extracellular fluid

Question 77

hypotonic solution

Answer 77

the solution outside the membrane has a lower soluter(less salty) than inside. The water will move towards the solute on the inside on the cell cell swells or even bursts

Question 78

isotonic solution

Answer 78

the solution on the outside and the solution on the inside of the membrane are the same concentration of solute.

Question 79

hypertonic solution

Answer 79

the solution outside the membrane has a higher solute (saltier) than inside the cell. The water will move towards the solute on the outside of the cell cell shrinks

Question 80

main factors of fluid balance in each body fluid compartments

Answer 80

the main factors of fluid balance(water movemment) between intracellular and interstitual fluid is the electrolyte concentrations, specifically sodium in the ISF and potassium in the ICF. Potassium is therefore labelled "the major intercellular electrolyte" while sodium is labelled "the major extracellular electrolyte". a main factor of fluid movement between blood plasma and interstitual fluid is the blood protiein concentration in the plasma (which creates blood osmotic pressure) this osmotic pressure would tend to move fluid from ISF into the plasma

Question 81

diffusion

Answer 81

the movement of molecules down conecentrstion gradients from an area of high cont. to low cont. only works if the membrane is permeable to the molecule

Question 82

transporters

Answer 82

binds is what is beinging transported and carries across

Question 83

passive transport (pumps)

Answer 83

move down an eletrochemical gradient two varibles 1) concentration (want to even out) 2)electro charge ( opposites attract)

Question 84

P/IF is lower | ICF is higher

Answer 84

SO4 H2PO4 Ca K

Question 85

P/ IF is higher | ICF is lower

Answer 85

Na | Cl