week 3 (cell structure, cell metabolism, cell signalling, tissue structure) Flashcards
5 components of every cell
cytoskeleton plasma membrane cytoplasm genetice material ribosomes
plasma membrane
protects cell from outside world
protiens within membrane control what goes in and out (selectively permable)
provides a surface thorugh which the cell can communicate with extentral enironment
cytoskeleton
responsible for cell shape
involved in intracellular movement (vesile trafficing)
often associated with cell motive
made ip of larhe fo;aments of a single protien (keratin, actin or tublin
cytoplasm
represents everything with the plasma membrane
genetic material
dna used to store information over long term
depending on the organism, DNA may be circular or on linear chromosomes
ribosomes
consists of serveral protiens and RNA
responsible for building protiens site for translation/protein synthesis
either free ribosmomes which are inside the cell or bound in the cell membrane
the nuclues
nuclues let ribosomes in and out through a pore complex made for ribosomes
the endomembrus sytucture consisits of either rough ER(protein synethesis taking place) or smooth ER
endoplasmic reticulum
rough ER - ribosomes(pores) and site of protein synethesis
smooth ER lipid/steriod synthesis
detoxification
gogli appartatus
the ‘post office’
reieves protiens, modifies them then sends them away.
secretory pathway
refers to the endoplasmic reticulum, gogli apparatis and the vesicles that travel between them as well as the cell membrane and lysosomes
it’s named ‘ secretory’ for being the pathway bu which the cell secretes proteins into the extracellular enironement
consitiutive - constant
regulated - recepetors and enzymes
lysosomes
Image result for lysosomes
A lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. … They break down excess or worn-out cell parts.
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
creates ATP
electron transport chains create ATP
peroxisomes
Peroxisomes are organelles that create oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling
catalase
break down peroxides and creates oxidative stress
collagen
the most common extracellular matrix (ECM)
is more elastic than cellulose and forms a flexible extracellular layer
binds cells together
made of three chains that wind around each other and is very strong
extracellular matrix
the ‘stuff’ that make up the outside of the cells
all ECM in the body is connected to the cytoplasm
4 types of tissues
epithetial
connective
nervous
mucsule
integrin
helps cells connect together
protein bridges
inbetween protein
integreal membran proteins
what are the three different complexes that help keep cells together
tight junctions
adhering junctions
desmosomes(strongest)
cell to cell adhension
consist of integral membrane proteins(integrin) that contact proteins in neighbouring cells that are linked intracellularly to the cytoskeleton
adhering junctions are linked to actin filaments and appear to generate tissue specific interactions between cells
tight junction
results from specificalized protiens in the membranes of neighbouring cells
forms water tight seal between two membranes
very little space between cells, leakage minimum
actin filament
desmosomes
are made up of protiens that link the cyroskeltons of adjacent cells
these proteins bind to eachother and to the proteins that anchor cytoskeletal intermediate fialments (usually stretch resitant like keratin)
are one of the stronger cell to cell adhension types and are found in tissue that experience intense mechinal stress (cardic muscule tissue)
composed of desmosome intermidiate filament complexes which is a network of cadherin proteins, linker porteins and kearin intermediate filaments
adherens junctions
in between desmosomes and tight junction
defined as a cell junction whose cytoplasmic face is linked to the actin cytoskeleton
they can appear as bands enciricling the cell (zonula adherens) or spots of attachment to the extracellular matrix (adhension plaques)
muscular tissue
they are exciteable (can be stimulated)
gerenate force
skeleltal muscule, smooth, and cardic
nervous tissue
dentrites recieve and axon sends information
excitable
transmits information
glia is the ‘glue’ that supports cells and nourish them
connective tissue
can be fat, blood, bone or cartilage depending on the matrix
matrix is created and maintained by cells making up that tissue
lots of matrix
epithelial tissue
can be coverings on the outside/ inside(mususa)
can be as barriers or diffusion
very little matrix
avascular (no blood supply)
always attached to connective tissue or basement membrane
globulin
Globulins are a group of proteins in your blood. They are made in your liver by your immune system. Globulins play an important role in liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection
codenins
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classifying epithelia
simple (one layer) diffusion
stratified (multiple layers) barriers
psedostratified (one layer that is stretched)
squamous (flat) boundry
cuboidal (cube) secreting/diffusion
columnar (colomns) secreating *making mucus
two major types of epithelia
covering/lining epithelia - outer covering of skin and internal organs, inner lining of internal tubes and cavities
glandular epithelia - regions of glands that secrete materials
simple squamous
one layer, flat epithelium
coverings
cavities are lined by epithelium
examples - endotheliem (which is epitheliem on the inside), capsile of kidneys, inner ears , air sacs
simple cubodial
one layer, cubed epithelium
secretes becuase of the cuboidal shape
examples - ovary surface, back of retina, ducts of some glands
simple columnar epithelium
one layer, columed epithelium
inner membrane protection
creates/makes mucus
examples - lining of small intestines, all of GI tract from stomach to anus, ducts of most glands, gallbladder surface
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
one layer, coloumed with ‘little hairs’ of cilia on top
cilia on top is a aprical surface, it moves materials around the top
fluid movememnt = ciliated
bronchioles, sinuses, spinal column lining, brain vestricles
stratified squamous epithelium
multiple layers, flat epithelium
openings, many layers
want to protect the openings with layers
transitioning to stratied spithelium to simple as we move deeping where we want more diffusion
barriers when its an opening or close to an opening
example - lining of upper digestive system, vagina, pharynx
stratified cuboidal epithelium
multiple layers, cubidic epithelium
very specialized
examples - sweat glands, esophageal glands, male uretha
stratified columnar epithelium
multiple layers, columnar epithelium
lining of pharynx
examples - urethra, some glands, conjunctiva of eye
transitional epitheilum
stretching
it is transition state of connective and epithelial tissue
urinary bladder
the two types of glands
endocrine - substance released into bloodstream (multicellular)
exocrine - substance release into body cavity or outer surface of body (unicellular, multicellular)
specialized to make proteins, most cuboidal or columnal
endocrine glandular epithelilum
multicellular and in the blood
examples - pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, tests, ovaries
exocrine glandular epithelium
towards outside or body cavity
examples - swear, sebaceous, ear wax glands of skin pancreas, etc.
unicellular exocrine epithelial cells
columned golbet
makes mucus
connective tissue
extremely diverse in terks of cellular structure and function
common embryological origin (mesenchyme) - middle layer in embryo
ECM is far more prominent than other tissues
cell adhension proteins
integretes
the ‘glue’ of connective tissue
ground substances of connective tissue
extracellular matrix
protein based
proteoglycans
connective tissue fibres
collagens fibres (strong) elastic fibres (protein:elastin) stretchy reticular fibres (basement membrane for epithelium)
connective tissue types
fibroblasts (common and make fibres)
mast cells (components of RBC)
macrophages (components of RBC)
adipcytes (fat)
plasma cells
white blood cells
areolar loose connective tissue
has fibroblast
would be the bottom layer of skin that is connected to the epithelium
adipose loose connective tissue
loosey goosey lol
space between the cells (matrix) fluid
fat on heart
reticular connective tissue
mesh like
strong in multiple directions
bags/sacs
lymph node
dense regular connective tissue
patterns of fibres arrnaged/organized fibres strong tendons collagen
dense irregular connective tissue
no pattern or order
fibres are irregular
reticulum
collegen
elastic connective tissue dense
estastin in ground substance stretch arteries liguments strong in aorta
feedback loops
stimulus receptor control centre effector response
cell-cell gaps
animals cells are connected by gap junctions
channel proteins in both membrane line up to form a channel connecting the cytosols of neighbouring cells
gap junctions creat gaps that connect animal cells
long distance signaling
hormones are an example of these
where something is signaled from long distanced
local signaling
paracrine signaling (which means around the cell)
synapse signaling ( directally on the synaspe
hormone
information- carrying molecule secreted from a cell, circulates in body, and acts on target cells elsewhere in the body
usually small molecules that can cause major changes even in small concentration
the signal transduction paradigm
- signal is recieved (ligand)
- signal is transduced (from outside to inside cell)
- signal is amplified (cascade)
- cell responds ( cell activity will change)
signal receptors
type of receptor protien that change their chape or activity after signal (eg hormones) binds
some receptors are inegral membran proteins others are found in the cytosol
steriod hormones
steroid that acts as a hormone
eukaryotic cell
any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus
chromatin
a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
nuclear envelope
highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells
intermediate fliaments
thicker than mircofilaments but thinner than mircotubules
help stablize the position of organelles such as nuclues and help attach cells to one another
mircotubules
the thickest of the cytoskeletal componets
long hallowed out tubes usually made of tubulin
help determine cell shape
mircofilaments (actin)
the thinnest elements of cytoskeleton
they help generate movement and provide mechincal support
composed of actin and myosin
cytokinesis
the divison of a cells cytoplasm and organelles into two identical cells
mitosis
nuclear divison
metabolism
refers to all chemical reactions that occur int he body
catabolism
break down of complex organic molecules into simpler one
anabolism
chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monomers to form bodys complex structural and functional components
