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BIOL 1160 > week 3 (cell structure, cell metabolism, cell signalling, tissue structure) > Flashcards

week 3 (cell structure, cell metabolism, cell signalling, tissue structure) Flashcards

1
Q

5 components of every cell

A 
cytoskeleton
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
genetice material
ribosomes
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2
Q

plasma membrane

A

protects cell from outside world

protiens within membrane control what goes in and out (selectively permable)

provides a surface thorugh which the cell can communicate with extentral enironment

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3
Q

cytoskeleton

A

responsible for cell shape

involved in intracellular movement (vesile trafficing)

often associated with cell motive

made ip of larhe fo;aments of a single protien (keratin, actin or tublin

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4
Q

cytoplasm

A

represents everything with the plasma membrane

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5
Q

genetic material

A

dna used to store information over long term

depending on the organism, DNA may be circular or on linear chromosomes

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6
Q

ribosomes

A

consists of serveral protiens and RNA

responsible for building protiens site for translation/protein synthesis

either free ribosmomes which are inside the cell or bound in the cell membrane

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7
Q

the nuclues

A

nuclues let ribosomes in and out through a pore complex made for ribosomes

the endomembrus sytucture consisits of either rough ER(protein synethesis taking place) or smooth ER

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8
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough ER - ribosomes(pores) and site of protein synethesis

smooth ER lipid/steriod synthesis
detoxification

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9
Q

gogli appartatus

A

the ‘post office’

reieves protiens, modifies them then sends them away.

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10
Q

secretory pathway

A

refers to the endoplasmic reticulum, gogli apparatis and the vesicles that travel between them as well as the cell membrane and lysosomes

it’s named ‘ secretory’ for being the pathway bu which the cell secretes proteins into the extracellular enironement

consitiutive - constant
regulated - recepetors and enzymes

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11
Q

lysosomes

A

Image result for lysosomes
A lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. … They break down excess or worn-out cell parts.

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12
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell

creates ATP

electron transport chains create ATP

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13
Q

peroxisomes

A

Peroxisomes are organelles that create oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling

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14
Q

catalase

A

break down peroxides and creates oxidative stress

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15
Q

collagen

A

the most common extracellular matrix (ECM)

is more elastic than cellulose and forms a flexible extracellular layer

binds cells together

made of three chains that wind around each other and is very strong

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16
Q

extracellular matrix

A

the ‘stuff’ that make up the outside of the cells

all ECM in the body is connected to the cytoplasm

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17
Q

4 types of tissues

A

epithetial
connective
nervous
mucsule

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18
Q

integrin

A

helps cells connect together

protein bridges

inbetween protein

integreal membran proteins

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19
Q

what are the three different complexes that help keep cells together

A

tight junctions
adhering junctions
desmosomes(strongest)

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20
Q

cell to cell adhension

A

consist of integral membrane proteins(integrin) that contact proteins in neighbouring cells that are linked intracellularly to the cytoskeleton

adhering junctions are linked to actin filaments and appear to generate tissue specific interactions between cells

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21
Q

tight junction

A

results from specificalized protiens in the membranes of neighbouring cells

forms water tight seal between two membranes

very little space between cells, leakage minimum

actin filament

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22
Q

desmosomes

A

are made up of protiens that link the cyroskeltons of adjacent cells

these proteins bind to eachother and to the proteins that anchor cytoskeletal intermediate fialments (usually stretch resitant like keratin)

are one of the stronger cell to cell adhension types and are found in tissue that experience intense mechinal stress (cardic muscule tissue)

composed of desmosome intermidiate filament complexes which is a network of cadherin proteins, linker porteins and kearin intermediate filaments

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23
Q

adherens junctions

A

in between desmosomes and tight junction

defined as a cell junction whose cytoplasmic face is linked to the actin cytoskeleton

they can appear as bands enciricling the cell (zonula adherens) or spots of attachment to the extracellular matrix (adhension plaques)

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24
Q

muscular tissue

A

they are exciteable (can be stimulated)

gerenate force

skeleltal muscule, smooth, and cardic

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25
Q

nervous tissue

A

dentrites recieve and axon sends information

excitable

transmits information

glia is the ‘glue’ that supports cells and nourish them

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26
Q

connective tissue

A

can be fat, blood, bone or cartilage depending on the matrix

matrix is created and maintained by cells making up that tissue

lots of matrix

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27
Q

epithelial tissue

A

can be coverings on the outside/ inside(mususa)

can be as barriers or diffusion

very little matrix

avascular (no blood supply)

always attached to connective tissue or basement membrane

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28
Q

globulin

A

Globulins are a group of proteins in your blood. They are made in your liver by your immune system. Globulins play an important role in liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection

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29
Q

codenins

A

h

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30
Q

classifying epithelia

A

simple (one layer) diffusion
stratified (multiple layers) barriers
psedostratified (one layer that is stretched)

squamous (flat) boundry
cuboidal (cube) secreting/diffusion
columnar (colomns) secreating *making mucus

31
Q

two major types of epithelia

A

covering/lining epithelia - outer covering of skin and internal organs, inner lining of internal tubes and cavities

glandular epithelia - regions of glands that secrete materials

32
Q

simple squamous

A

one layer, flat epithelium

coverings

cavities are lined by epithelium

examples - endotheliem (which is epitheliem on the inside), capsile of kidneys, inner ears , air sacs

33
Q

simple cubodial

A

one layer, cubed epithelium

secretes becuase of the cuboidal shape

examples - ovary surface, back of retina, ducts of some glands

34
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

one layer, columed epithelium

inner membrane protection

creates/makes mucus

examples - lining of small intestines, all of GI tract from stomach to anus, ducts of most glands, gallbladder surface

35
Q

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

one layer, coloumed with ‘little hairs’ of cilia on top

cilia on top is a aprical surface, it moves materials around the top

fluid movememnt = ciliated

bronchioles, sinuses, spinal column lining, brain vestricles

36
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

multiple layers, flat epithelium

openings, many layers

want to protect the openings with layers

transitioning to stratied spithelium to simple as we move deeping where we want more diffusion

barriers when its an opening or close to an opening

example - lining of upper digestive system, vagina, pharynx

37
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

multiple layers, cubidic epithelium

very specialized

examples - sweat glands, esophageal glands, male uretha

38
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

multiple layers, columnar epithelium

lining of pharynx

examples - urethra, some glands, conjunctiva of eye

39
Q

transitional epitheilum

A

stretching

it is transition state of connective and epithelial tissue

urinary bladder

40
Q

the two types of glands

A

endocrine - substance released into bloodstream (multicellular)

exocrine - substance release into body cavity or outer surface of body (unicellular, multicellular)

specialized to make proteins, most cuboidal or columnal

41
Q

endocrine glandular epithelilum

A

multicellular and in the blood

examples - pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, tests, ovaries

42
Q

exocrine glandular epithelium

A

towards outside or body cavity

examples - swear, sebaceous, ear wax glands of skin pancreas, etc.

43
Q

unicellular exocrine epithelial cells

A

columned golbet

makes mucus

44
Q

connective tissue

A

extremely diverse in terks of cellular structure and function

common embryological origin (mesenchyme) - middle layer in embryo

ECM is far more prominent than other tissues

45
Q

cell adhension proteins

A

integretes

the ‘glue’ of connective tissue

46
Q

ground substances of connective tissue

A

extracellular matrix

protein based

proteoglycans

47
Q

connective tissue fibres

A 
collagens fibres (strong)
elastic fibres (protein:elastin) stretchy
reticular fibres (basement membrane for epithelium)
48
Q

connective tissue types

A

fibroblasts (common and make fibres)
mast cells (components of RBC)
macrophages (components of RBC)
adipcytes (fat)

plasma cells
white blood cells

49
Q

areolar loose connective tissue

A

has fibroblast

would be the bottom layer of skin that is connected to the epithelium

50
Q

adipose loose connective tissue

A

loosey goosey lol
space between the cells (matrix) fluid
fat on heart

51
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

mesh like
strong in multiple directions
bags/sacs
lymph node

52
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A 
patterns of fibres 
arrnaged/organized fibres
strong
tendons
collagen
53
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

no pattern or order
fibres are irregular
reticulum
collegen

54
Q

elastic connective tissue dense

A 
estastin in ground substance
stretch
arteries
liguments
strong in aorta
55
Q

feedback loops

A 
stimulus
receptor
control centre
effector
response
56
Q

cell-cell gaps

A

animals cells are connected by gap junctions

channel proteins in both membrane line up to form a channel connecting the cytosols of neighbouring cells

gap junctions creat gaps that connect animal cells

57
Q

long distance signaling

A

hormones are an example of these

where something is signaled from long distanced

58
Q

local signaling

A

paracrine signaling (which means around the cell)

synapse signaling ( directally on the synaspe

59
Q

hormone

A

information- carrying molecule secreted from a cell, circulates in body, and acts on target cells elsewhere in the body

usually small molecules that can cause major changes even in small concentration

60
Q

the signal transduction paradigm

A
  1. signal is recieved (ligand)
  2. signal is transduced (from outside to inside cell)
  3. signal is amplified (cascade)
  4. cell responds ( cell activity will change)
61
Q

signal receptors

A

type of receptor protien that change their chape or activity after signal (eg hormones) binds

some receptors are inegral membran proteins others are found in the cytosol

62
Q

steriod hormones

A

steroid that acts as a hormone

63
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus

64
Q

chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

65
Q

nuclear envelope

A

highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

66
Q

intermediate fliaments

A

thicker than mircofilaments but thinner than mircotubules

help stablize the position of organelles such as nuclues and help attach cells to one another

67
Q

mircotubules

A

the thickest of the cytoskeletal componets

long hallowed out tubes usually made of tubulin

help determine cell shape

68
Q

mircofilaments (actin)

A

the thinnest elements of cytoskeleton

they help generate movement and provide mechincal support

composed of actin and myosin

69
Q

cytokinesis

A

the divison of a cells cytoplasm and organelles into two identical cells

70
Q

mitosis

A

nuclear divison

71
Q

metabolism

A

refers to all chemical reactions that occur int he body

72
Q

catabolism

A

break down of complex organic molecules into simpler one

73
Q

anabolism

A

chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monomers to form bodys complex structural and functional components

BIOL 1160 (11 decks)

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