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Movement Science 2 > Week 9: observational Gait analysis and aging gait > Flashcards

Week 9: observational Gait analysis and aging gait Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the 4 step process for an observational task analysis?

A
  1. general observations: timing, space, gait speed, step length
  2. Specific deviations: using task related determinants as a guide
  3. Hypothesized cause: apply knowledge
  4. Testing hypothesis: test strength
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2
Q

What is the general sequence of a given activity?

A
  1. initial position
  2. initiation
  3. execution
  4. termination
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3
Q

You make the following observation:
inability to stand from sitting in a regular height chair
excessive forward lean in early execution of standing from a tall stool
what is the most likely hypothesis

A

knee extensor weakness

reason: pt moves the COM closer to the knee to decrease the demand moment at the knee

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4
Q

What are the general observation areas to focus when observing a walking pattern

A
  1. symmetry between right and left
  2. arm swing opposite of legs
  3. head and trunk posture
  4. impression of gait speed
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5
Q

what is the average gait speed?

A

1.4 m/s

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6
Q

What are the 3 functional tasks of gait?

A
  1. weight acceptance
  2. single leg support
  3. swing limb advancement
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7
Q

What are the 8 phases of gait?

A
  1. initial contact
  2. loading response
  3. mid-stance
  4. terminal stance
  5. pre-swing
  6. initial swing
  7. midswing
  8. terminal swing
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8
Q

what are the critical events of initial contact?

A

heel contact

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9
Q

what are the critical events for loading response

A

heel rocker- controlled PF
controlled knee flexion
hip/pelvic stability

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10
Q

What are the critical events of mid-stance

A
  1. hip/pelvic stability
  2. ankle rocker- controlled tibial advancement
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11
Q

what are the critical events of terminal stance

A
  1. forefoot rocker
  2. hip extension
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12
Q

what are the critical events of preswing

A
  1. rapid ankle pF
  2. passive knee flexion
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13
Q

what are the critical events of initial swing

A
  1. peak knee flexion
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14
Q

what are the critical events for midswing

A
  1. peak hip flexion
  2. ankle dorsiflexion to neutral
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15
Q

what are the critical events for terminal swing

A
  1. knee extension to neutral
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16
Q

what 4 key observations are in weight acceptance?

A
  1. heel first initial contact
  2. controlled ankle plantar flexion
  3. controlled knee flexion
  4. hip/pelvic stability
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17
Q

what 4 key observations are in single limb support

A
  1. hip/pelvic stability
  2. controlled tibial progression
  3. controlled heel rise
  4. hip extension
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18
Q

what 5 key observations are in swing limb advancement

A
  1. rapid ankle plantar flexion
  2. passive knee flexion
  3. hip flexion
  4. ankle dorsiflexion
  5. knee extension
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19
Q

how do you determine the greatest external demand moment

A

GFR is given by the vector and what ever joint has the greatest moment arm then use the arrow to determine if its a flexion or extension demand moment

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20
Q

What is a task related determinant

A

an element or aspect of the task that is critical to successful task performance

21
Q

What are the 4 task related determinants for a sit to stand

A
  1. generate forward trunk momentum
  2. position center of mass over feet
  3. generate force to raise center of mass
  4. arresting momentum of center of mass
22
Q

Which determinant would you expect to be most affected by impaired vestibular control of balance

A
  1. arresting momentum of center of mass

all could be impacted but the 4th is the most affected due to fine tuning of BOS over COM

23
Q

people >65 years of age ___ of 3 experience a fall per year

A

1.

24
Q

fall is the leading cause of disability and loss of independence for older adults

A

true

25
Q

Why do falls increase in older age?

A

nervous sytem, musculoskeletal system, skeletal system, pulmonary, CV, ednocrine

26
Q

What are the two reasons for changes in gait and increased fall risk for older adults? and which is modifiable

A
  1. genetics
  2. environment
  3. disease

environment is modifiable

27
Q

older adults have changes in shape density of bone
decrease in bone mass
decrease tolerance for stress
altered joint motion

A

true these are all examples of skeletal changes

28
Q

Does active range of motion or passive range of motion decrease more in older adults

A

active ROM due to the muscle tendon unit fxn is affected

29
Q

Do older adults have lesser or greater demand moments at joints and why?

A

greater demand moments at joint because of stiff tissues

30
Q

What is sarcopenia?

A

age associated decline in muscle mass
-related to total number of fibers decreasing
begins at age 30

31
Q

Does the proximal or distal muscles of the LE lose more power in older adults?

A

the distal muscles loose more power

32
Q

Do older adults lose more fast with or slow twitch fibers?

A

lose more fast twitch muscles

33
Q

In older adults there is a ____ co- activation that leads to decreased effective movement production

A

increased

34
Q

What does a co-activation mean?

A

relative co-activation of muscles means that both agonist and antagonist contract

35
Q

What percentage of strength decreased after the fifth decade

A

10-15%

36
Q

Is power more correlated to strength of functional ability in older adults

A

functional ability

37
Q

Does power or strength decrease earlier and more rapid

A

power and it affects TUG and gait speed

38
Q

Older adults have sensory changes which result in decreased proprioception, tactile sensitivity,
decreased visual threshold
decreased hair and nerve cells

A

yes they have decrease in somatosensory, vision and vestibular

39
Q

Based on the evidence you would expect greater power generation during walking at the ____ joint for a 75-yr old than a 30-yr old person walking at similar walking speeds.

A

hip
hip power generation is compensating for decrease power in ankle for older adults

40
Q

older adults have Increased/decreased gait speed, stride length, SLS time

A

decreased

41
Q

older adults have increased/decreased step with variability, energy expenditure

A

increased

42
Q

What is the average freely chosen gait speed in people age 60-80

A

1.2 m/s

43
Q

Although step length decreases in age what one factors is similar?

A

step frequency (cadence)

44
Q

What are 3 most common changes in gait kinematics for older adults

A
  1. decrease hip extension motion
  2. increase anterior pelvic tilt
  3. decreased ankle planar-flexion motion
45
Q

Do older adults or young individuals have higher energy expenditure when walking

A

older

46
Q

what is the recruitment of muscles greater proximal or distal

A

greater recruitment of proximal muscles

47
Q

Most of the power generation occurs at the ankle in younger adults what joint takes over in older adults

A

hip

48
Q

in comparing self selected walking gait of a 30 yr old and a 75 yr old person, you would expect the greatest difference in joint power to occur at the

A

ankle

decrease in power at the ankle in older adults they have to then compensate with the hip

Movement Science 2 (10 decks)

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