week 9 - long term memory

Question 1

is long term memory one thing?

Answer 1

no

Question 2

different kinds of long term memory?

Answer 2

skills
habits
images
meaning of words
actions

Question 3

structure of LTM
a taxonomy

Answer 3

LTM
split into declarative (explicit) and non-declarative (implicit)

declarative
- semantic
- episodic

nondeclarative
- procedural knowledge
-associative learning
- priming
- nonassociative learning
- skills and habits
- conditioning

Question 4

structure of LTM
implicit/nondeclaritive

Answer 4

ability to recall a movement sequence or how to perform some act or behaviour

Question 5

structure of LTM
implicit/nondeclaritive
- conscious or unconscious?

Answer 5

unconscious

subjects can demonstrate knowledge, such as a skill, conditioned response, or recalling events on promoting but cannot explicitly retrieve the information

Question 6

structure of LTM
explicit/declaritive

Answer 6

ability to recall what one knows, to detail the time, place, and circumstances of events

Question 7

structure of LTM
explicit/declaritive
- conscious or unconscious?

Answer 7

conscious

subjects can retrieve an item and indicate that they know the retrieved item is the correct item

Question 8

conscious memory

Answer 8

explicit

declaritive, fact, memory, knowing that, conscious recollection, autobiographical, episodic, semantic, working

Question 9

unconscious memory

Answer 9

implicit

nondeclaritve, skill, habit, knowing how, procedural, nonassociative, reference

Question 10

structure of LTM
procedural memory

Answer 10

skills, how to perform certain actions
- riding bike - blind typing - playing piano

Question 11

structure of LTM
procedural memory
how does learning happen?

Answer 11

procedural learning occurs slowly and gradually

Question 12

structure of LTM
procedural memory
assesment?

Answer 12

often assesed in lab through serial reaction time task

–> learning a complex pattern over a sequence of trials

Question 13

structure of LTM
priming

Answer 13

processing a stimulus is influenced by prior encounter with the same or a related stimulus

Question 14

structure of LTM
priming
how does learning happen?

Answer 14

usually occurs rapidly
- eg. cat (prime) followed by picture of cat (target)
- eg. cat (prime) followed by ready of dog (target)

the repeated presentation of a stimulus means it can be processed more efficiently using fewer resources

Question 15

structure of LTM
priming
what is the priming effect in the brain called?

Answer 15

A repetition suppression effect

eg. in the case of reading words
the brain areas responsible needs fewer resources the second time the word is presented, so there is a suppression effect in these brain areas
(they work less the second time around)

Question 16

what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
encoding memories
implicit

Answer 16

implicit information is processed in a bottom up or data driven manner
- information is encodes in the same way it was perceived

Question 17

what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
encoding memories
explicit

Answer 17

explicit information is processed in a top down or conceptually driven manner
- the subject is able to recognise the information
—> can recognise you are learning information

Question 18

what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
active or passive?
implicit

Answer 18

in implicit tasks the person has a passive role

Question 19

what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
active or passive?
explicit

Answer 19

in explicit tasks the person has an active role

Question 20

what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
priming and procedural memory
implicit or explicit

Answer 20

implicit

information is learned implicitly without intention to learn or awareness that the information is learned

Question 21

what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
tests

Answer 21

not just at level of encoding but also at retrieval
same item can also be retrieved in more than one way
- it depends on the task

after being exposed to word pairs (eg car -school)
what was the word paired with? (explicit)
what word comes to mind when i say car? (implicit)
which pair of words do you like best? (implicit)

Question 22

what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
tests
results

Answer 22

different results depends on how people retrieve from memory (rather than content of memory)

explicit: conscious recollection of prior experiences

implicit: result of the test depends on previous experience but not on awareness that memory is being used

Question 23

what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
tests
attention involved?

Answer 23

no or hardly involved

Question 24

what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
tests
baddeley 2009

Answer 24

remember list
free recall (explicit)
cued recall (explicit)
forced choice recognition (explicit)
yes/no recognition (explicit)
lexical decision (implicit)
word fragment completion (implicit)
word stem completion (implicit

Question 25

understanding LTM
amnesia Patient HM

Answer 25

transformed our understanding of LTM
- experimental surgery
- could hold a job afterwards
- HM’s loss lead to others gain
- LTM and STM different

Question 26

understanding LTM
towers of hanoi

Answer 26

implicitly get better at this

explicit does play a role (in remembering rules)

Question 27

disconnecting explicit and implicit memory
amnesia=

Answer 27

term for loss of memory

Question 28

neural circuits
explicit memory

Answer 28

anatomically distinct subregions in medial temporal cortex
- amygdala
- perirhinal cortex
- hippocampus
- parahippocampal cortex

Question 29

neural circuits
explicit memory
prime structures - medial temporal regions

Answer 29

look at diagram!!
- amygdala
- perirhinal cortex
- hippocampus
- parahippocampal cortex
- entorhinal cortex

Question 30

neural circuits
explicit memory
prime structures - frontal cortex

Answer 30

dorsolateral

ventrolateral

Question 31

neural circuits
explicit memory
prime structures - reciprocal connections

Answer 31

between frontal and temporal brain regions

Question 32

neural circuits
implicit memory

Answer 32

mishkin 1982, 1997, 2000
proposed circuit for implicit memory

• basal ganglia
• ventral thalamus
• substantia nigra
• premotor cortex

Question 33

neural circuits
implicit memory
order?

Answer 33

rest of neocortex (seneory and motor info)
—> basal ganglia (substantia nigra, dopamine)
—> ventral thalamus
—> pre motor cortex

Question 34

explicit vs implicit memory
black and white?

Answer 34

no
implicit and explicit memory viewed as seperate systems to a large extent, but of course the systems can interact

Question 35

explicit vs implicit memory
interaction?

Answer 35

often in implicit tasks tehre is some contributed of explicit memory (interconnected in controls)

Question 36

explicit vs implicit memory
brain regions underlying the two memory systems

Answer 36

interconnected

there is a network of regions associated with implicit and a network of regions associated with explicit
but these can interact during certain tasks