week 9 - long term memory Flashcards
is long term memory one thing?
no
different kinds of long term memory?
skills
habits
images
meaning of words
actions
structure of LTM
a taxonomy
LTM
split into declarative (explicit) and non-declarative (implicit)
declarative
- semantic
- episodic
nondeclarative
- procedural knowledge
-associative learning
- priming
- nonassociative learning
- skills and habits
- conditioning
structure of LTM
implicit/nondeclaritive
ability to recall a movement sequence or how to perform some act or behaviour
structure of LTM
implicit/nondeclaritive
- conscious or unconscious?
unconscious
subjects can demonstrate knowledge, such as a skill, conditioned response, or recalling events on promoting but cannot explicitly retrieve the information
structure of LTM
explicit/declaritive
ability to recall what one knows, to detail the time, place, and circumstances of events
structure of LTM
explicit/declaritive
- conscious or unconscious?
conscious
subjects can retrieve an item and indicate that they know the retrieved item is the correct item
conscious memory
explicit
declaritive, fact, memory, knowing that, conscious recollection, autobiographical, episodic, semantic, working
unconscious memory
implicit
nondeclaritve, skill, habit, knowing how, procedural, nonassociative, reference
structure of LTM
procedural memory
skills, how to perform certain actions
- riding bike - blind typing - playing piano
structure of LTM
procedural memory
how does learning happen?
procedural learning occurs slowly and gradually
structure of LTM
procedural memory
assesment?
often assesed in lab through serial reaction time task
–> learning a complex pattern over a sequence of trials
structure of LTM
priming
processing a stimulus is influenced by prior encounter with the same or a related stimulus
structure of LTM
priming
how does learning happen?
usually occurs rapidly
- eg. cat (prime) followed by picture of cat (target)
- eg. cat (prime) followed by ready of dog (target)
the repeated presentation of a stimulus means it can be processed more efficiently using fewer resources
structure of LTM
priming
what is the priming effect in the brain called?
A repetition suppression effect
eg. in the case of reading words
the brain areas responsible needs fewer resources the second time the word is presented, so there is a suppression effect in these brain areas
(they work less the second time around)
what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
encoding memories
implicit
implicit information is processed in a bottom up or data driven manner
- information is encodes in the same way it was perceived
what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
encoding memories
explicit
explicit information is processed in a top down or conceptually driven manner
- the subject is able to recognise the information
—> can recognise you are learning information
what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
active or passive?
implicit
in implicit tasks the person has a passive role
what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
active or passive?
explicit
in explicit tasks the person has an active role
what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
priming and procedural memory
implicit or explicit
implicit
information is learned implicitly without intention to learn or awareness that the information is learned
what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
tests
not just at level of encoding but also at retrieval
same item can also be retrieved in more than one way
- it depends on the task
after being exposed to word pairs (eg car -school)
what was the word paired with? (explicit)
what word comes to mind when i say car? (implicit)
which pair of words do you like best? (implicit)
what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
tests
results
different results depends on how people retrieve from memory (rather than content of memory)
explicit: conscious recollection of prior experiences
implicit: result of the test depends on previous experience but not on awareness that memory is being used
what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
tests
attention involved?
no or hardly involved
what makes explicit and implicit memory different?
tests
baddeley 2009
remember list
free recall (explicit)
cued recall (explicit)
forced choice recognition (explicit)
yes/no recognition (explicit)
lexical decision (implicit)
word fragment completion (implicit)
word stem completion (implicit
understanding LTM
amnesia Patient HM
transformed our understanding of LTM
- experimental surgery
- could hold a job afterwards
- HM’s loss lead to others gain
- LTM and STM different
understanding LTM
towers of hanoi
implicitly get better at this
explicit does play a role (in remembering rules)
disconnecting explicit and implicit memory
amnesia=
term for loss of memory
neural circuits
explicit memory
anatomically distinct subregions in medial temporal cortex
- amygdala
- perirhinal cortex
- hippocampus
- parahippocampal cortex
neural circuits
explicit memory
prime structures - medial temporal regions
look at diagram!!
- amygdala
- perirhinal cortex
- hippocampus
- parahippocampal cortex
- entorhinal cortex
neural circuits
explicit memory
prime structures - frontal cortex
dorsolateral
ventrolateral
neural circuits
explicit memory
prime structures - reciprocal connections
between frontal and temporal brain regions
neural circuits
implicit memory
mishkin 1982, 1997, 2000
proposed circuit for implicit memory
- basal ganglia
- ventral thalamus
- substantia nigra
- premotor cortex
neural circuits
implicit memory
order?
rest of neocortex (seneory and motor info)
—> basal ganglia (substantia nigra, dopamine)
—> ventral thalamus
—> pre motor cortex
explicit vs implicit memory
black and white?
no
implicit and explicit memory viewed as seperate systems to a large extent, but of course the systems can interact
explicit vs implicit memory
interaction?
often in implicit tasks tehre is some contributed of explicit memory (interconnected in controls)
explicit vs implicit memory
brain regions underlying the two memory systems
interconnected
there is a network of regions associated with implicit and a network of regions associated with explicit
but these can interact during certain tasks
