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Cognitive psyc > week 8 - models of memory - multistore model > Flashcards

week 8 - models of memory - multistore model Flashcards

1
Q

short term vs long term
capacity

A

few items in ST vs essential unlimited capacity in LT

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2
Q

short term vs long term
time

A

ST - few seconds

LT- several decades

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3
Q

short term vs long term
what is distinction essential to?

A

multistore models
(some theorists propse unitary store models where the distinction is much less clear)

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4
Q

multistore model
proposed by?

A

atkinson and shiffrin 1968
extremely influential

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5
Q

multistore model
diagram

A

sensory stores –attention–> ST store –rehersal–> LT store

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6
Q

multistore model
sensory store

A

each modality-specific and holds info very briefly

vulnerable to decay

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7
Q

multistore model
ST store

A

of very limited capacity

vulnerable to displacement

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8
Q

multistore model
LT store

A

of essentially limited capacity holding info for long periods of time

vulnerable to inference

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9
Q

multistore model
what does the sensory store process

A

initally the sensory store processes environmental stimuli

info in then briefly held here

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10
Q

multistore model
what happenes to the info in the Sensory store

A

some of the info is attended to and processed further within the ST store

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11
Q

multistore model
sensory store
visual store

A

iconic memory
- holds onto info briefly
- 100ms

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12
Q

multistore model
sensory store
visual store
- relies on attention?

A

many theorists have assumed it is pre attentive
BUT
Mack (2016) obtained findings that strongly suggests it does
- participants had to report the letters in the centre of a visual array or whether four circles presented close to the fixation point where the same colour
–> much less attention to letters

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13
Q

multistore model
sensory store
echoic memory

A

auditory equivilent of iconic memory
hold auditory information for a few seconds

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14
Q

multistore model
sensory store
haptic memory

A

touch

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15
Q

multistore model
sensory store
olfactory memory

A

smell

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16
Q

multistore model
sensory store
gustatory memory

A

taste

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17
Q

multistore model
sensory store
evidence on capacity and duration

A

sperling 1960
brief presentation (50ms) is letters in 3x4 matrix
full report: name as many letters as possible
- results in about 4 letters being named
is this capacity limit?
partial report: one of 3 tones sounded to indicate which row you start with
- the tone acts as a spatial attention cue (attention –> STM)

18
Q

multistore model
sensory store
evidence on capacity and duration
two main conclusions?

A

1) capacity
large amounts of info held in iconic memory

2) duration
after about 250-500ms performace approached full report conditions
info in iconic memory rapidly decays (+- 0.5s)
anything left was transferred to STM before it was lost

19
Q

multistore model
short term memory
function?

A

conscious processing of information
attention is key –> limits of what info comes under the spotlight of STM at all times

20
Q

multistore model
short term memory
capacity?

A

has very limited capacity
miller 1956 -> digit span (letter and word also) max items ~ 7 (+1-2)
cowan 2001-> probs closer to 4

21
Q

multistore model
short term memory
chunking

A

grouping familiar stimuli for storage as a single unit
- what you can chunck depends on knowledge from LTM / expertise uou have and ability to find patterns

chunk: meaningful unit of info
“information bottle neck”

22
Q

multistore model
short term memory
duration?

A

has limited duration
- if not rehearsed info lost within 15-20 secs
- the longer the delay the more was forgotten (forgetting curve)
DECAY
DISPLACEMENT

23
Q

multistore model
short term memory
rehearsal =

A

the process of repetitively verbalising or thinking about the information

24
Q

multistore model
short term memory
duration
forgetting only due to time decay?

A

no interference plays a role

25
Q

multistore model
short term memory
interference
pro active interference

A

eariler info interferes with later info

learn A —–INTETFERENCE—–> learn B

memory loss for B

26
Q

multistore model
short term memory
interference
retroactive interference

A

later info interferes with earlier

learn A <—INTEFERENCE—-learn B

memory loss for A

27
Q

multistore model
short term memory
interference
release for proactive interference

A

previous trials generate inference gradual decline in performance
when nature of stimulus changes (eg. letters to numbers) again accurate recall

28
Q

multistore model
short term memory
inference vs decay

A

some evidence for decay of info in STM
- at short retention intervals (<3.3secs)
however interference more likely cause of forgetting
- especially at (somewhat) longer intervals

29
Q

multistore model
short term memory
inference when…

A

when stimuli are similar
when learning large vols. of info
when learning material close together in time
when learning in the same context
(no good independent evidence for displacement)

30
Q

multistore model
short term memory
criticisms

A

info in STM does not need to be processed consciously
eg- implicit learning

simple rehearsal does not ensure LT storage
- rehearsed info does not necessarily transfer
- info in LTM has not necessarily been rehearsed during learning

learning in STM is affected by LTM (eg chunking)

double dissociation found in patients supports STM-LTM distinction
- but some patients with severly impaired STM can still aquire LTM

31
Q

multistore model
short term memory
solution for criticisms

A

recast STM as working memory
new model developed to address some criticisms of multistore model
- loss of info not only due to decay
- different types of working memory
—> single STM store is replaced by 4 working memory components

32
Q

multistore model
long term memory

A

once info passed from sensory store to STM ir can be ENCODED into LTM

33
Q

multistore model
long term memory
function?

A

organises and store information
–> different systems
1) explicit/decaritive
2) implicit / non-declaritive

34
Q

multistore model
long term memory
capacity?

A

unlimited (?)

35
Q

multistore model
long term memory
duration?

A

permanent (?)

36
Q

multistore model - limitations
over…

A

over simplified

eg. assumptions that ST and LT store are unitary

37
Q

multistore model - limitations
several …

A

LTM systems

38
Q

multistore model - limitations
assumption that STM store is a …

A

gateway between sensory store and LTM is incorrect

implicit learning is possible

39
Q

multistore model - limitations
assumption that all items in STM have …

A

equal staus is incorrect

40
Q

multistore model - limitations
only a small fraction of info. stored in LTM was …..

A

rehearsed during learning

41
Q

multistore model - limitations
the notion that forgetting from STM is caused by displacement ….

A

minimised the role of interfernce

Cognitive psyc (23 decks)

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