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Cognitive psyc > week 8 - models of memory - working memory > Flashcards

week 8 - models of memory - working memory Flashcards

1
Q

working memory
proposed by?

A

baddeley and hitch 19974

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2
Q

working memory
what is STM for?

A

not just passive retention
neccessary for lanuage understanding, mental arithmetric, reasoning, problem solving
—> emphasis on working
essential to performing tasks that are not just memory

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3
Q

working memory
STM - mulitcomponent

A

different systems
the single STM store in the multicompenemt model is replaced by 4 working memory components

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4
Q

working memory
4 working memory components

A

central executive (attentionally limited “control” system)

2 “slave” systems - phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad

later also added: episodic buffer

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5
Q

working memory
4 working memory components - summary
central executive

A

modality free
central pool of mental resources
control and decision processes
cf. attention
no real storage

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6
Q

working memory
4 working memory components - summary
phonological loop

A

inner ear and voice
verbal rehearsal
info=speech based

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7
Q

working memory
4 working memory components - summary
episodic buffer

A

holds anf integrates diverse information

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8
Q

working memory
4 working memory components - summary
visuospatial sketchpad

A

inner eye
spatial and/or visual coding

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9
Q

working memory
components relatively ……

A

independent and of limited capacity

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10
Q

working memory
testable predictions:
if two tasks use the same component …

A

… they cannot be performed successfully together

logic of dual task experiment

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11
Q

working memory
testable predictions:
if two tasks use different components…

A

… it should be possible to perform them as well together as separately

logic of dual task experiment

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12
Q

working memory
phonological loop
what

A

tempory storage of sppech like info
(verbal STM)

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13
Q

working memory
phonological loop
2 primary structures

A

phonological structure

articulary loop

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14
Q

working memory
phonological loop
- phonological structure

A

(inner ear)
temory storehouse
passive
limited in time (+-2secs) and capacity
code = speech based

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15
Q

working memory
phonological loop
- articulary loop

A

(inner voice)
active rehearsal component
linked to speech

(it is refresh of the phonological structure)

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16
Q

working memory
phonological loop
purpose

A

holding onto information

language acquisition device

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17
Q

working memory
phonological loop
diagram

A

see notes

circular arrow —> phonological store ——————-

indirect access (visual presentation) needs subvocal articulation

direct access (auditory presentation)

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18
Q

working memory
phonological loop
evidence

A

phonological similarity effect

word length effect

unattended speech effect

articulatory supression

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19
Q

working memory
phonological loop
evidence: phonological similarity effect

A

errors more likely to be phonologically similar to correct item
- F for S, B for G
more likely to misremember if items in list sound similar
- DBCTGP harder than KWTQLR
- mad cap man map harder than pen day cow bar
(badeley 1966)
—> items in phonological store based on phonological code
—-> reduces discriminability of items in store

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20
Q

working memory
phonological loop
evidence: word length effect

A

memory span for short words is greater than memory span for long words
(able to recall more shorter words)

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21
Q

working memory
phonological loop
evidence: word length effect
- what causes it?

A

is the word length effect caused by articulation duration or related to the no. of syllables in the word?
- longer words usually have both (longer articulation as well as more syllables) the two are correlated

the word length effect is due to articulation duration
–> therefore it is evidence for the phonological loop
- span for words with shorter articulation is greater
- the span is as many words as the articulatory loop can actively rehearse within 2 seconds (which is how long the phonological loop lasts)

22
Q

working memory
phonological loop
evidence: word length effect
- real example impact

A

people who have a language with faster speaking rate (chinese) seem to have a larger span

simply because they can actively rehearse more words in the articulatory loop

23
Q

working memory
phonological loop
evidence: unattended speech effect

A

performance impaired if other verbal material needs to be ignored
- even with nonsense syllables
- even in a different language
- even with vocal music
- less with instramental music
- not with (very loud) white noise
(salame and baddeley 1982, 1989)

—> irrelevant spoken material can gain access to phonological store
—> filter to distinguish between noise and speech

24
Q

working memory
phonological loop
evidence: articulatory suppression

A

articulatory suppression is preventing rehearsal by overt or covert articulation
- say “thethethethe” while learning words (out loud or in head)
the consequences are different whether the to-be-learned items are presented visually or auditory
- this relates to the two ways info enter the phonological loop
1) auditory presented info has direct access
2) visually presented info needs to be sub-vocally rehearsed first

25
Q

working memory
phonological loop
evidence: articulatory suppression
- while learning items presented visually

A

result in the speaker not being able to use sub-vocal articulation
that is evident by the word length effect disappearing
(this effect relies on sub-vocal articulation)

26
Q

working memory
phonological loop
evidence: articulatory suppression
- while learning words presented auditory

A

have no effect on sub-vocal articulation (items have direct access to phonological store)
that is evident by word length effect not disappearing

27
Q

working memory
phonological loop
evidence: articulatory suppression
what happens to performance overall

A

overall worse performance

as usual when doing two things at the same time

28
Q

working memory
visuospatial sketchpad
what

A

a system for setting up and manipulating images and spatial movement
limited capacity for processing spatial, visual and kinaesthetic information

29
Q

working memory
visuospatial sketchpad:
two components

A

visual cache

inner scribe

30
Q

working memory
visuospatial sketchpad:
two components - visual cache

A

visual involvement about shape and colour
(the what)

31
Q

working memory
visuospatial sketchpad:
two components - inner scribe

A

spatial and movement information
(the where)

32
Q

working memory
visuospatial sketchpad:
two distinct components…

A

.. interference depends on secondary task

(dual task experiments)

33
Q

working memory
visuospatial sketchpad:
function

A

construction, maintenance and manipulation of mental images
—> isomorphic (similar attributes) relation to perceptual images

imagine a rabbit next to an elephant/fly:
does it have whiskers?
- better at identifying the components of an image if the mental image in large

34
Q

working memory
visuospatial sketchpad:
mental scanning

A

manipulation of info in the VS sketchpad (kosslyn 1978)
- learn map of island, keep in mind, now go from well to tree
- mental scanning between two imagined landmarks increases linearly as the distance between them increases

35
Q

working memory
visuospatial sketchpad:
neurophysiological findings

A

eg, difference brain areas active during visual (occipital) and spatial (parietal) working memory tasks

but:
extensive interaction with other cognitive systems and the central executive (really independent?)

36
Q

working memory
central executive:
what?

A

attention system
- maintain task goals and goal-related info. and use this to direct / bias your processing

37
Q

working memory
central executive:
attentional capacity is …

A

… limited

38
Q

working memory
central executive:
most important?

A

most important and active component
(but not well understood)

39
Q

working memory
central executive:
tasks:

A

Directing attention to task, updating task at hand
switching / shifting between strategies
selective attention and inhibition

40
Q

working memory
central executive:
where?

A

probably in pre frontal cortex
(not exclusively)

patients with frontal lobe damage: problems of attentional control

41
Q

working memory
central executive:
evidence

A

dysexecutive syndrome

alzheimer’s patients

42
Q

working memory
central executive:
evidence - dysexecutive syndrome

A

disruption of CE due to frontal lobe damage
1) perseverance: sort deck of cards by suit, ok: cannot then sort by value (cannot interrupt ongoing schema)

2) utilization behaviour: automatic responding to cue in environment (fails to focus attention)

3) catatonia: remain motionless and speechless for hours (unable to initiate schemas)

patients do not share a single pattern of impairment
- suggests different parts of PFC are responsible for different aspects of executive functioning

43
Q

working memory
central executive:
evidence - alzheimer’s patients

A

problems with distributing attention between 2 tasks (CE function)
- 2 tasks together: disproportionate decline in performance
- can follow conversation with one person, much more difficult if more

44
Q

working memory
central executive:
one unitary system?

A

probably not one unitary CE system but multiple executive mechanisms

45
Q

working memory
episodic buffer:
what?

A

phonological loop and VS sketchpad are modality specific (verbal vs visual/spatial)
episodic buffer can integrate info into single complex structure or episode

46
Q

working memory
episodic buffer:
how much info can it hold?

A

about 4 pieces / chunks of info in multidimensional code

47
Q

working memory
episodic buffer:
assists in …

A

… binding

integrating info about location, size, colour, smell, size, feels of objects, scenes

48
Q

working memory
episodic buffer:
interacts with both…

A

… perception and LTM

49
Q

working memory
evaluation

A

have recast STM (multistore model) as working memory
this is progress
- rehearsal mandatory process –> optional rehearsal in the phonological loop
- forgetting only due to decay –> interference effects
BUT: cannot forget that we are all individuals and differ from eachother –> different working memories (individual differences research)

50
Q

working memory
capacity

A

many different ways to capture WM capacity
1) operation span (solve maths probs/remember word)

2) reading span
- read sentences (processing) and remember last word (storage) of each sentence
- related to language comprehension across the life span

3) corsi block task (for visuospatial memory)

51
Q

working memory
capacity correlates with…

A

… fluid intelligence

52
Q

working memory
capacity related to…

A

… attention control

high capacity individuals less likely to be distracted by external (eg. outside noise) and internal (eg. mind-wondering) stimuli

Cognitive psyc (23 decks)

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