WEEK 9 - Intelligence 3&4 Flashcards
How many forms of Wechsler IQ scales are there according to age?
3.
- WPPSI (young children: 2yrs 6 months, 7yrs 3 months): WPPSI-IV
- WISC: Children/young: 6-16yrs: WISC-V
- WAIS: Adults, 16-89 yers: WAIS-IV
What 4 scales are covered in WAIS IV?
- Verbal comprehension index scale (VCI)
- Perceptual reasoning index scale (PRI)
- Working memory index scale (WMI)
- Processing Speed index scale (PSI)
What is involved in verbal comprehension subtests?
- Similarities
- Vocabulary
- Information
What is involved in perceptual reasoning subtests?
- Block design
- Matrix reasoning
- Visual puzzles
What is involved with working memory subtests?
- Digit span
- Forward, backward, sequencing - Arithmetic
What is involved in processing speed subtests?
- Symbol search
2. Coding
How are scores interpreted in the WAIS?
- WAIS Standardisation group
Mean
SD
Standardisation
Norms
How are scores calculated in the WAIS?
- Raw scores from each test are converted to scaled scores by using the norms obtained from the standardisation group
- To obtain VCI, WMI, PRI and PSI IQ scores, the scaled scores of the subtests are summed and compared to the standardisation sample.
FULL SCALE IQ: obtained by adding all index scores together
What defines an intellectual disability as define in DSM-V?
Range of cognitive abilities
1) Significant deficits in intellectual functioning (IQ - 70)
2) Concurrent deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning
3) Onset in the developmental period
What may be the cause of intellectual disabilities?
- Genetic
- Biological
- Environmental
How is severity of intellectual disability determined?
- On the basis of adaptive functioning and not IQ
- Adaptive functioning determines levels of support necessary
- Also IQ scores are less valid at the low end
- Mild
- Moderate
- Severe
- Profound
What are some examples of conceptual skills in adaptive skills?
- Communication
- Functional Academics
- Self direction
What is social in relation to adaptive skills?
Leisure
Social interaction
What is practical in relation to adaptive skills?
- Community use
- Home living
- Health and safety
- Self-care
What does it mean for someone to be ‘gifted’?
- Can reflect academic, musical, social, or athletic ability
- Associated with IQs over 130
What are the associated stereotypes of gifted people?
- Physically weak
- Mentally unstable
- Reclusive/eccentric
- Compensation - talent in one area is accompanied by a deficit in another
What are characteristics of gifted people?
Terman, 1921
- Above average height, strength, emotional maturity and other variables as children
Gross (1999)
- IQ 160+ found it could lead to social isolation in school and reiterated the need for gifted school programs
What are Renzulli’s 3 intersection components of true giftedness?
- Exceptional intelligence in specific domain
- exceptional motivation
- Exceptional creativity
What is creativity?
The ability to produce valued outcomes in a vowel way
- May be linked to divergent thinking (the ability to genera in given situation
Sternberg includes ________ in his triarchic model. Although is it generally considered to be ______ to intelligence
Creativity
Separate
What is psychometrics in relation to IQ?
- Starts with a theory
- Design test
- Measure constructs
- Statistics check
Measures of _______ were developed first. They evolved to fit measures of ______.
intelligence
Science
Name the criticisms of an IQ test.
- Lack of theoretical bases (no underlying construct was used to devise tests
- Cultural bias
- Ecological validity - what skills are IQ tests measuring?
- What will predict performance? Aptitude vs IQ interviews
Do IQ scores predict real-world outcomes?
- Popular tools for job selection
Weiten (2004):
‘People who score high on IQ tests are more likely than those who score low to end up in high status jobs’ - Good predictors of future school performance
- School performance = certain jobs.
- g and job performance correlations are weak
- More practical forms of intelligence may be more appropriate
How have intelligence tests been abused?
- Eugenics movements
- Goddard translated the Simon-Binet scale in 1910 by researching ‘feeble minded’ children
- Diagnostic tool
- Thought children who were feeble should be isolated so they did not contaminate
How was Binet’s work surrounding intelligence testing corrupted?
- Goddard to assess immigrants
- Convinced that feeble mindedness was common in immigrants
- Initially he interpreted the results with caution
- Then claimed that minimal research would be needed to confirm findings
- Suggested immigrants were of moron grade
- Environmental deprivation
- Advocated deportation
- Claimed they could be labourers
How would intelligence tests be developed to improve culture discrimination?
- Include items that measure common skills and knowledge from across cultures
- Limited success
- Need to be considered within a culture
What did Cattell’s culture-fair test comprise of?
Series
Classification
Matrices
Does brain size matter in intelligence?
- Slight correlation
- This is due to more activity, better nutrition etc
How does memory impact intelligence?
- Relationship between memory and intelligence (WMI)
- Working memory is different to LTM so you can have poor memory and above average intelligence
Is intelligence influenced by abilities like reaction time?
- Galton could not establish a link between speed of processing sensory information and intelligence, more recent and sophisticated studies suggest a modest relationship
- Faster nerve responses to visual stimuli correlates with non-verbal IQ (Ravens progressive matrices test)
________ concerning biological factors of intelligence are generally modest.
Correlations
We choose mates with similar culture and ____.
IQ
What are some caveats with calculating heritability?
Twin studies have almost all used literate, middle class samples
- Heritability estimates would drop with more varied examples
- Genetic influences seem to be smaller in determining IQ of children in less educated environments
What are the best positive predictors of children performance on IQ and language tests?
- Enriched home environment
- Encouraging interest and exploration
- Mother’s knowledge on child rearing
What are risk factors for lower IQ?
- Poor maternal education
- Maternal mental illness
- Minority status (and its correlates)
- Larger family size
- Poverty
- Poor nutrition
What are some environmental factors surrounding intelligence?
- Higher education = higher brain connectivity
How does sociocultural disadvantage relate to intelligence?
Lower SES upbringing factors: children fail to reach intellectual potential
- IQ difference between highest and lowest social class = 20-30pnts
- Stereotype threat: belief about group = greater anxiety = self-fulfilling prophecy
- Access to education
- Healthcare and nutrition
Describe the Flynn effect
James Flynn
- IQ points increase 3 points per decade
- Strong argument for environmental effects
- Some countries appear to be going backward
What percentage of heritability did Arthur Jensen suggest contributed to IQ differences?
80%
What is within group heritability and between group heritability?
Within group: The extent to which a trait varies within a specific group, due to genetic influences
Between: The extent to which differences in a trait between groups is genetically influenced
What are some controversies for group differences n intelligence?
- Racial difference in IQ test scores are due to deprived environment
- Ethnic minorities: History of discrimination
- Plus, consider the overlap between distributions
