Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY124 > WEEK 12 - Traits > Flashcards

WEEK 12 - Traits Flashcards

1
Q

What are traits?

A
  • Fundamental in personality
  • psychometrics were first used to introduce the concept of traits
  • used factor analysis to reduce diversity of personality descriptors to underlying traits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does Allport suggest a trait is?

A
  1. an observed tendency to behave in a certain way

2. Inferred underlying disposition that results in this behavioural tendency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 most famous trait dimensions?

A

Intraversion and extraversion

(jung) then taken up by Hans Eysenck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the tendencies constituting underlying personality dimensions?

A

Emotional, cognitive, behavioural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the descriptive approach of personality traits?

A

According to individuals underlying attributes and tendencies, the structure of personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was the Hippocrates theory of traits?

A
  • Greek physician proposed 4 hummers (temperaments) based on excess of specific bodily fluids
  • Sanguine
  • Choleric
  • Melancholic
  • Phlegmatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In the Hippocrates theory of traits, describe each of the fluids and how they link to personality

A

Sanguine:
Good natured, sociable, easy going
Too much = insensitive/vague

Choleric:
Quick tempered, decisive, fast thinking
Too much = bout of rage

Melancholic:
Intellectual, pragmatic, contemplative
Too much = depression and antisocial behaviour

Phlegmatic:
Calm, stable, rational
Too much = apathetic, lack of drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was the first modern trait theory?

A
  • Two factor trait theory

- Hans sybil primary personality factors as axes for describing personality variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Eysenck PEN trait theory?

A

Four- level hierarchy of behavioural organisation

  1. Specific responses
  2. Habits (must be reasonably reliable and consistent)
  3. Traits
  4. Types ( Suprerfactors, super traits, made up of several interrelated traits

Three super traits:

  • Psychoticism
  • Extraversion
  • Neuroticism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the lexical approach to personality?

A

Guiding scientific theory in personality psychology

  • 2 assumptions:
    1. Important personality characteristics become part of the language
    2. More important personality characteristics will be defined by a single word
  • Major foundation for:
  • McCrae and costa and the big 5
  • HEXACO
  • Cattell & 16PF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who was Gordon Allport and Henry Odbert and what were their views on personality traits?

A
  • Influential trait theorists
  • People have some fundamental traits that influence most aspects of their behaviour
  • cardinal traits
  • Central traits
  • Secondary traits
  • Identified approximately 4,500 traits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who was Raymond Cattell and what was his influence on personality traits?

A
  • Reduced Allport’s list from 45000+ to 171
  • Argued for three types. of data:
  • Life data
  • Experimental data
  • Questionnaire data
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain Cattell and the 16PF

A
  • Distinguished traits in a number of ways
  • Common vs unique traits
  • Surface traits: Obvious individual characteristics
    Source traits: deep, less obvious mental structures which give rise to surface traits
  • identified 16 source traits using factor analysis
  • Measured these using self-report survey called the 16PF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the traits in the 16PF? name 5.

A
  1. Warmth
  2. Reasoning
  3. Emotional Stability
  4. Dominance
  5. Liveliness
  6. Rule-Conscious
  7. Social Boldness
  8. Sensitivity
  9. Vigilance
  10. Abstractedness
  11. Privateness
  12. Apprehension
  13. Openness to change
  14. Self-Reliance
  15. Perfectionism
  16. Tension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the ‘big 5’ personality factors

A
  • The five factor model (FFM) comprises 5 personality dimensions
  • The factors are dimensions, not types of personality
  • Factors are stable during adulthood
  • Culturally universal
  • Specific facets are believed to be heritable, at least in part
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name McCrae and COsta’s big 5 traits

A
  • Openness to experience
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe culture’s role in the big 5 personality traits

A

Factors are generally culturally universal

  • May be universal for four/five traits
  • extraversions
  • agreeableness
  • Emotional stability
  • Conscientiousness
  • In some asian countries, openness to experiences is not supported
  • Some variation in different countries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does gender influence the big 5 personality traits?

A
  • Women tended to be somewhat higher than men in neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness
  • Most consistent difference throughout a number of countries was increased neuroticism
  • Differences are larger in more developed countires

(Schmitt et al, 2008)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the HEXACO theory of personality by Ashton and Lee?

A

Six dimensional model

Honesty-Humility
Emotionality
Extraversion 
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness to experience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Big 5 _________ and _________ are similar to the HEXACO _________ and __________.

A
  1. Agreeableness and Neuroticism

2. Agreeableness and emotionality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Aspects of HEXACO _________-_______ are similar to traits described in the big 5 ________.

A
  1. HOnesty-humility

2. Agreeableness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the dark triad?

A

A constellation of socially undesirable traits that are maladaptive but not psychopathological

  1. Narcissism
  2. Machiavellianism
  3. Psychopathy
  4. Sadism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If you scored highly on traits in the dark triad, what anti-social behaviours may you be more associated with?

A
  • Reduced empathy
  • Sexual harrassment
  • Bullying/cyber bully
  • Prejudice
  • Aggression
  • Each contributes differently
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why does the dark tetrad exist. if they are associated with negative behaviours?

A

Life history theory (Wilson, 1975)

  • An evolutionary theory which suggests that individuals might make trade-off to improve survival and acting chance
  • Social isolation/consequences for self/others are incurred for a longer term goal, and so are somewhat ‘adaptive’ for the person
25
Q

How is psychopathy relevant in the workplace?

A
  • Those high in psychopathy often engage in behaviours that will promote their own success at the expense of others in the workplace
  • Claim credit for others work
  • Take advantage of others
  • Superficially pleasant - do well at interview
  • Don’t mind firing/making ruthless decisions
26
Q

How may the big 5 model bu evaluated?

A
  • Cross-cultural human studies find good agreement for the big 5 in many cultures
  • Appear to be highly correlated in adulthood, childhood and even late preschoolers
  • Three dimensions (Extraversion, neuroticism and agreeableness) have cross-species generality
27
Q

What is considered in Mischel’s argument concerning behavioural inconsistency?

A

Traits are predictors of aggregate, not isolated behaviours

28
Q

What are contribution of trait theory?

A
  • Easily measurable and testable
  • Allows for individuality in trait expression
  • Provides a categorisation tool for personality attributes
  • most widely accepted being the big 5
29
Q

What are the limitations of trait theory?

A
  • Heavy reliance on self-report (Potential Barnum effect)
  • Analyses may govern outcome
    (heavy reliance on factor analysis)
  • Does not examine the process of personality
30
Q

In the psychoanalytic perspective, here does behaviour spring from?

A

Unconscious conflicts between pleasure-seeking impulses and social restraints

31
Q

In the social-cognitive perspective, where does behaviour spring from?

A

Reciprocal influences between people and their situation, coloured by perceptions of control

32
Q

In the psychoanalytic perspective, what are some assessment techniques?

A

Projective tests aimed at revealing unconscious motivation

33
Q

In the social-cognitive perspective, what are some assessment techniques?

A

a) Questionnaire assessments of people’s feelings of control
b) observations of peoples behaviour in particular situations

34
Q

Provide an evaluation of the psychoanalytic theory.

A

A speculative, hard-to-test theory with enormous cultural impact

35
Q

Provide an evaluation of the social-cognitive perspective

A

An integrative they that integrates research on learning, cognition, and social behaviour cruised as underestimating the importance of emotions and enduring traits

36
Q

In the humanistic perspective, where does behaviour spring from?

A

Processing conscious feeling about one’s self in the light of one’s experiences.

37
Q

In the trait theory, where does behaviour spring from?

A

Expressing biologically influenced dispositions, such as extraversion or introversion

38
Q

What are some assessment techniques for the humanistic theory?

A

a) questionnaire and assessments

b) Empathetic interviews

39
Q

What are some assessment techniques for the trait theory?

A

a) personality inventories that assess the strengths of different traits
b) Peer rating of behaviour patterns

40
Q

Provide an evaluation for the humanistic perspective

A

A humane theory that reinvigorated contemporary interest in the self; criticised as subjective and sometimes naively self-centred and optimistic

41
Q

Provide and evaluation of the trait theory

A

A descriptive approach criticised as sometimes underestimating the variability of behaviour from situation to situation

42
Q

What do behavioural geneticists do?

A

Behavioural geneticists attempt to determine the degree to which individual difference in constructs such as personality are caused by genetic and environmental differences

43
Q

What is highly controversial surrounding genes and personality?

A
  • Ideological concerns

- Concerns about renewed interest in eugenics

44
Q

What are modern behavioural geneticists careful about addressing?

A
  • Implications of work
  • Sensitive to ideological concerns
  • Knowledge is better than ignorance
  • Finding that a personality trait has genetic component does not mean the environment is powerless to modify trait
45
Q

What are the goals of behavioural genetics?

A
  • Determine the percentage of individual difference in a trait thatch be attributed to genetic or environmental differences
  • Determine how much genes and environment interact to produce individual differences
  • Determine where in the environment that environmental effects exist
  • parental socialisation
  • teachers
46
Q

What are some misconceptions about heritability?

A
  • It cannot be applied to a single individual
  • Is not constant or immutable
  • Not a precise statistics
47
Q

What are some behavioural genetics methods?

A
  1. Selective breeding - studies of human’s best friend
    - can only occur if a desired trait is heritable
    - selective breeding studies in dogs
    (cannot be ethically studied on humans)
  2. Family studies
  3. Twins studies
  4. Adoption studies
48
Q

What are two assumptions of the twins methods?

A
  • Equal environments

- Representativeness

49
Q

What did major finding from behavioural genetic research find?

A

Summaries of behavioural genetic data yield heritability estimates for major personality traits of about 20-45 percent

50
Q

Why do personality psychologists find it useful to explore personality across cultures?

A
  • Are concepts of personality prevalent in one culture applicable in other cultures?
  • Do cultures differ in the levels of particular personality traits?
51
Q

What did Markus and Kitayama state about cultural differences in self-concept?

A

Each person has 2 fundamental cultural tasks that have to be confronted

  1. Communion or interdependence: concerns how you are affiliated with, attached to, or engaged in the large group of which you are a member
  2. Agency or independence: How you differentiate yourself from a larger group
52
Q

What are some differences in culture and self-concept?

A

Cultures appear to differ in how they balance these two tasks

  • Non-western, asian countries focused more on interdependence
  • Western cultures focussed more on independence

Independence is similar to individualism and interdependence is similar to collectivism

53
Q

What is culture universals?

A

This approach to culture and personality attempts to identify features of personality that appear to be universal, or present In most or all cultures

54
Q

What are some beliefs about the personality characteristics of Men and women?

A
  • World wide, people regard men as having personalities that are more active, loud, adventurous, obnoxious,, aggressive, opinionated, arrogant, coarse and conceited
  • Women in contrast are regarded as having personalities that are more affectionate, modes, nervous, appreciative, patient, changeable, charming and fearful
55
Q

Some personality tests are designed to determine the presence of ________.

A

Psychopathology

56
Q

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory? (MMPI-2?)

A
  • 567 items

- Used to assess for clinical disorder symptoms

57
Q

What are the 3 validity scales in the MMPI?

A

L - Lie
F - Frequency
k - Correction

58
Q

How many clinical scales are there in the MMPI- 2?

A

10

PSY124 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions