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PSY124 > WEEK 2 - Anxiety/OCD/trauma > Flashcards

WEEK 2 - Anxiety/OCD/trauma Flashcards

1
Q

What manual is used to define abnormality?

A

DSM-5

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2
Q

What defines abnormality?

A 
Statistical infrequency 
Personal distress 
Functional impairment 
Violation of norms 
Biological dysfunction
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3
Q

What disorder includes sudden feelings of terror, anxiety and panic attacks? Agoraphobia May be diagnosed with it.

A

Panic disorder

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4
Q

What is the prevalence rate for panic disorders?

A

2% for men and 5% for women

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5
Q

Name four or more symptoms that influence a diagnoses of panic disorders.

A

Criteria states that it should peak within 10min and involve 4 or more of the following symptoms

  • palpitations
  • got/cold flushes
  • sweating
  • trembling
  • dizziness
  • nausea
  • choking sensation
  • numbness/tingling
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6
Q

What constitutes GAD (general anxiety disorder)?

A 
Chronic anxiety that lasts for at least 6 months.
Characterised by 3 of the following:
- restlessness/on edge 
- easily fatigued
- difficulty concentrating/mind going blank 
- irritable 
- muscle tension 
- sleep disturbance
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7
Q

What is the prevalence rate for GAD?

A

2% male

3.5% female

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8
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

A fear of being in places that are difficult to escape in the event of having unexpected panic-like symptoms

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9
Q

What diagnoses would you give someone who had a fear of social or performance situations where they could receive possible scrutiny from others in an embarrassing matter?

A

Social phobia

Exposure to heated social situation provoked anxiety which can cause panic attacks

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10
Q

What are specific phobias?

A

Chronic excessive fear due to the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation. Fear may resemble a panic attack.
Eg. Animals, planes, environment

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11
Q

Specific phobia patients often know that their fears are ________ and _________.

A

Excessive and unreasonable

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12
Q

Name the 3 theories (learning processes) of anxiety.

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Modelling (observing someone else’s fear)

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13
Q

How is classical conditioning described?

A

Where a previously neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that automatically elicits a response

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14
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Includes the use of reinforcement and punishment.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement

Positive punishment
Negative punishment

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15
Q

What is reinforcement in operant conditioning?

A

Consequences or events that increase the likelihood of repeating that behaviour.

Positive: pleasant consequence following behaviour. Therefore, repeating the behaviour to get pleasant reward

Negative: removal of unpleasant stimuli when desired behaviour occurs. Increases likelihood of behaviour by avoidance of negative stimulus

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16
Q

Describe how punishment works in operant conditioning.

A

Punishment is a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring.

Positive: introduction of unpleasant stimulus following the behaviour. Behaviour decreases as a result of avoiding negative experience

Negative: removal of pleasant stimuli. Organism will try to maintain behaviour to receive stimuli.

17
Q

What can classical conditioning explain?

A

How phobias develop through pairing of neutral and scary stimuli. Becoming conditioned to fear.

18
Q

What do we do if we experience (or expect to experience) fear?

A

Avoid it (remove unpleasant stimuli) negative reinforcement

Avoidance behaviour is rewarded and increases (operant)

Anxiety/fear is maintained

19
Q

What are the 3 theories of anxiety?

A

Cognitive processes

  • interpretation of info/physiological arousal
  • coping strategies/personality type
  • appear important in most anxiety disorders

Environmental factors
- stressful life events associated with anxiety disorders eg. Panic disorder and PTSD

Genetic factors

  • different gene types influence biology/physiology of brain. Eg. Increase brain reactivity to threats
  • important in OCD GAD and some phobias
20
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder is categorised as a ________ and _________ related disorder.

A

Trauma and stressor

21
Q

What are the 4 basic criteria that need to be met to reach a diagnoses of PTSD?

A
  1. Exposure to traumatic event which results in immense fear, helplessness or horror
  2. Persistent re-experiencing of event eg. Nightmares
  3. Persistent avoidance of stimulus associated with event and numbing of general responsiveness
  4. Persistent symptoms of heightened arousal
22
Q

What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?

A

Mind is overwhelmed by persistent and uncontrollable thoughts that compels the individual to repeat certain acts and cause significant distress and interference with everyday functioning

23
Q

Describe Obsessions in relation to OCD.

A
  • Intrusive and persistent ideas, impulses or images that are unwanted and cause distress
24
Q

What are compulsions in relation to OCD?

A
  • Repetitive behaviour that the person feels driven to perform
  • Aimed at preventing or reducing stress of a dreaded event or situation
25
Q

How is a depressive disorder characterised?

A

Disturbances to mood/emotion

  • Negative/lowered mood state
26
Q

What is mania in relation to depressive disorders?

A

An intense and unwarranted mood state of elation

27
Q

Name at least 4 symptoms of depression.

A
  • Sad, depressed, most of the day (everyday)
  • Loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities
  • Loss of energy and fatigue
  • Poor appetite and weight loss
  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
  • Shift in activity level
28
Q

What are the symptoms of mania in relation to bipolar?

A
  • Flight of ideas (racing thoughts)
  • Increased activity level (work, social, sexual)
  • Unusual talkativeness/ rapid speech
  • Less than usual amount of sleep
  • Distractibility
  • Involvement in pleasurable activities that have undesirable consequences

PSY124 (12 decks)

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