WEEK 4 - Psych disorders Flashcards
What are neurodevelopmental disorders?
Disorders that commence during childhood or prenatal, development
What is required in order to diagnose Autism relating to social communication and interaction?
Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction:
- Inability to engage in social emotional reciprocity
- Difficulty expressing and interpreting non-verbal behaviour
- Difficulty understanding and forming relationships
What is required to diagnose autism relating to restricted or repetitive behaviours?
Restrictive, repetitive behaviours, interests or activities. Demonstrated by at least 2 of the following:
- Stereotypes/repetitive motor movements, use of objects or speech
- Insistence of sameness, inflexibility or ritualised behaviour
- Narrow, fixated interests that are excessively intense
- Extreme sensitivity or limited sensitivity to environmental stimuli
What is the pruning hypothesis in relation to autism?
Lack of neuronal pruning during developmental periods
What is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
A disorder that appears in childhood and is characterised by inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. It impacts the daily functioning and development of the child
includes:
- Being age inappropriate
- Occur across multiple settings
- of a level that impacts on social, academic and/or occupational functioning
To diagnose ADHD, there needs to be 6+ symptoms that occur for at least 6 months. Name 6.
- Restless
- Interruption
- Unable to play in a quiet manner
- always ‘on the go’
- Runs/climbs in inappropriate situations
- Excessive talking
- Difficulty waiting turn
What is the prevalence of ADHD in Australia?
2.3-6% of school-aged children
Does ADHD persist into adulthood?
Yes but symptoms hyperactivity decline and inattention remains
There appears to be a ______ link between generations and ADHD.
Genetic
What are neurocognitive disorders?
A class of disorders where the predominant symptom is cognitive impairment (deficits in memory, learning, thought)
What are some common causes of neurocognitive disorders?
- Advanced age
- Illness
- Injury
- Genetics
What is dementia?
An umbrella term that covers a range of disorders where there is a steady, irreversible pattern of cognitive decline (Memory, language, thought, behaviour)
- Some are treatable (due to infection)
- Most are irreversible (alzheimers)
What is the difference between probable and possible alzheimers disease?
Probable: Family history and/or significant cognitive decline
Possible: Not family history, but a steady cognitive decline which cannot be explained bu other medical history
What characterises alzheimers disease?
Presence of neurofibrillary tables, senile (aka amyloid) paces and neuron loss, typically concentrated in specific regions of the brain.
What is the average lifespan following the diagnoses of alzheimers?
10 years
What are neurofibrillary tangles?
Threads of protein that occur within a neuron
What are senile plaques (aka amyloid plaques)?
Deposits caused by debris from degenerating neurons and build-up of protein.
What helps unto predict what functions will become impaired during the progression of alzheimers disease?
Damage associated with the disease commences in specific brain areas and then spreads predictable pattern
What types of memory does Alzheimers occur in?
Episodic (memory of events that have happened)
Semantic (General knowledge)
Procedural (how to make a cup of tea)
Which memory are effected first by alzheimers disease?
Recent memories - works backward
What are some other changes in someone with alzheimers, apart from memory decline?
- Mood (depression)
- Mood (argumentative)
- Language impairment
- Restlessness
- Motor impairment
- Psychosis
- Lose social inhibitions
What increases the risk of developing Alzheimers?
Genetic factors
Medical history
What characterises anorexia?
- Severely underweight
- BMI under 18.5
- intense fear of gaining weight and becoming fat
- distorted body image
What is the criteria for diagnosing anorexia?
a. Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory and physical health
b. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or persistent behaviour that interferes with weight gain, despite being at a significantly low weight
c. disturbances to how one’s body weight or shape is experiences, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation or persistent lack of recognition of how low the body weight is
What do you specify when diagnosing anorexia?
Restricting type:
- 3 months
- Not engaged with bing eating
- Primarily through dieting, fasting or excessive exercise
Binge eating type:
- 3 months
- recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging
How do you classify severity?
BMI Mild: >17 Moderate: 16-16.99 Severe: 15-15.99 Extreme: <15
What is the prevalence of anorexia?
- Lifetime <1%. in general population
- Higher in specific groups eg. athletes
What is comorbid with anorexia?
Anxiety, Mood and personality disorder
Name some physical consequences of anorexia nervosa.
- Low blood pressure
- Heart problems
- Kidney problems
- Gastrointestinal problems
- Bone mass density declines
- Dry skin
- Anaemia
- Hair loss
- Hormone changes
What is Bulimia Nervosa?
Frequent episodes of binge eating that are experienced as out of their control
- Binges are usually high caloric, high sugar foods
- compensate eating by vomiting, fasting, exercising
- individuals tend to be normal weight or a little overweight
What is the diagnostic criteria for Bulimia?
a) Recurrent episodes of binge eating
b) Recurrent compensatory behaviours in order to prevent weight gain
c) Binge eating and compensation occur at least once a week for 3 months
d) self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight
e) does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa
How is the severity of bulimia nervosa measured?
Mild: 1-3 episodes of compensatory behaviour a week
Moderate: 4-7 episodes
Severe: 8-13
Extreme: 14 or more
_________ in Bulima Nervosa may be triggered by _______.
- Binges
2. Stress
What are some physical consequences of bulimia Nervosa?
- Amenorrhea
- Electrolyte imbalances (heart irregularities)
- Dental issues
- Swollen salivary glands
People from _________ ______ are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Minority groups
How does culture affect perception of mental health disorders?
May impact how an individual interprets their own family members experience with mental health.
What does the DSM5 recommend that clinicians consider using relating to cultural differences?
Cultural formulation interview
What are the 4 domains of assessment in cultural formulation interviews?
- Cultural definition of the problem
- Cultural perceptions of cause, context and support
- Cultural factors affecting self-coping and past help seeing
- Cultural factors affecting current help seeking
