Week 9 - Immunology Flashcards
immunity is____
the state of protection against foreign substances
antigen
anything that can elicit a specific immune response (viral protein)
Innate immune response
protects body immediately against many different pathogens
Adaptive Immune response
provides a delayed, adaptive and specific protection. ex - protection against H1N1, but not a variant of
innate immune response is mediated by
dendritic cells and macrophages
adaptive immune response is mediated by
T and B cells, Antibodies made from B cells
Does the innate immune response impact the adaptive response?
YES, the innate response prepares the adaptive response.
how do antibodies, T cells and dendritic cells specifically recognize invaders, bugs?
receptors
________ defense systems are based on the distinction between self and alien invaders
animal
antibodies are made by_____
B cells
two types of antibodies
secreted and membrane bound (BCR - b-cell receptor)
PAMP
pathogen associated molecular pattern
innate immune cells recognize _______
PAMPS
TLR
Toll-related receptor
LPS
lipopolysaccharides
what do LPS’s do
they form the outer layer of bacteria, and act as PAMPS
does bacterial DNA have methylation?
no
TLR9 will recognize what?
unmethylated bacterial DNA
TLR’s are present in the _____ and the _____
macrophage and the dendritic cell
What part of the immune system are TLR receptors a part of?
the Innate immune response
TCR
t-cell receptor
MHC
major histocompatibility complex
a pathogen recognized by a TLR9 receptor will be lysed and degraded to peptides, which are then presented to the ____ by the _______
t-cell receptor by the MHC
when a pathogen is detected by the innate immune response, ______ are released, which lead to the _________ of T-cells
cytokines, proliferation
cytokines can give __________ responses that can sometimes be __________
inflammatory , hyperactive
the mast cell releases granules containing ________
histamine
histamine is released by the ______ cell
mast
histamine causes capillaries to become _______, allowing plasma and __________ to escape into tissue
leaky, phagocytes
cell-based defense, both innate and adaptive, is based on the _________ system
lymphoid / hematopoietic
bone marrow contains _____ _______ for the entire hematopoietic system
stem cells
a hematopoietic stem cell leads to what 2 progenitor cells?
myeloid and lymphoid
myeoloid progenitors lead to what cells
mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells
lymphoid progenitors lead to what cells
B cells, T cells, natural killer cells
innate immune response is mediated by _____
dendritic cells and macrophages
adaptive immune response is mediated by
T and B cells , Antibodies made by B cells
lymphocyte
white blood cells, including NK cells (natural killer), B cells, and T cells
two types of adaptive immune responses
antibody response and cell-mediated response
do non-vertebrates have an adaptive immune response?
no
does the adaptive immune response have memory?
yes after responding to a pathogen once, the system can respond more rapidly to subsequent exposure
3 features of the adaptive response
specificity , self/non-self determination, memory
a cell-mediated response is exerted by a ______
T cell
____ ______ are responsible for an antibody response
B Cell
each B cell produces a ______ antibody
different
initially, B cells express a _______ _______ antibody, but after amplification, they switch to generating a ________ form of the antibody
membrane bound, secreted
the membrane-bound form of an antibody acts as a ______ and sends a ______ signal
receptor, mitogenic (growth factor)
antibodies are ______ consisting of 2 identical ______ chains and 2 identical ______ chains
tetramers, heavy, light
interior Y structure of antibodies are called the _______
heavy chain
both heavy and light chains have two regions: ____ and _____
variable and constant
the variable region of an antibody forms the antigen ______ site
binding
the constant region of an antibody determines the _______ and _______ of the antibody
destination and function(class)
heavy and light chains consist of repeating units, called _____ ______
Ig domains
Ig domains have about ______ amino acids
110
the binding site of an antibody is between _____ regions of the ____ and the _____
variable regions of the heavy and light chains
3 types of antigen binding that occur
pocket, groove, surface
an individual can make ______ different antibodies
10^9
the variable region consists of ___ ___ and ___ segments
V , D and J
_______ assembly of different V, D, and J segments generates ______ different possibilities
combinatorial 10^9
two types of lymphocytes that are produced upon exposure to antigen triggers
effector and memory cells
memory cells respond more _____ than naive cells
rapidly
immunological memory
rapid, specific response upon re-exposure
the most common antibody is _____
IgG
IgG promotes _____
phagocytosis
how do antibodies travel from the blood to milk?
a specific receptor transcytoses antibodies over cells
TCR
t cell receptor
TCR’s are _______ proteins
transmembrane
Like antibody genes, TCR genes are assembled from_______,_______, ______, and ______ segments
VDJC
do T cells interact with free antigens or viruses
no!
T cells interact with _________
cells and infected cells through the major histocompatibility complex
two major types of T cells
cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells
heavy chains combine what segments?
VDJC
light chains combine what segments
VJC
MHC
major histocompatibility complex
TCR’s characteristics
alpha-beta hertodimer, transmembrane protein
variable and constant region
VDJC arranged
Class I MHC’s interact with_______
Cytotoxic T cells
Class II MHC’s interact with ______
Helper T-Cells
_______ is a co-receptor on Cytotoxic T-cells
CD8
_______ is a co-receptor on Helper T Cells
CD4
Class I MHC’s are found in _______ and recognized by _______
most cells in the body, cytotoxic T cells
Class II MHC’s are found in ________ and recognized by _______
antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages) helper T cells
granzymes and perforin are released by ______ to _____ cells that present ______ on the class ____ MHC
cytotoxic T cells, kill, antigens I
granzymes activate _______
caspases
what causes organ rejection?
differences among MHC alleles in unrelated individuals. Diff alleles are seen as foreign, and are attacked/rejected
humoral response
antibody response
what cells does HIV target
cells with CD4 proteins
people miss the ______ gene are immune to HIV
CCR5
