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HumBio 3A - 2nd Half > Week 9 - Immunology > Flashcards

Week 9 - Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

immunity is____

A

the state of protection against foreign substances

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2
Q

antigen

A

anything that can elicit a specific immune response (viral protein)

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3
Q

Innate immune response

A

protects body immediately against many different pathogens

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4
Q

Adaptive Immune response

A

provides a delayed, adaptive and specific protection. ex - protection against H1N1, but not a variant of

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5
Q

innate immune response is mediated by

A

dendritic cells and macrophages

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6
Q

adaptive immune response is mediated by

A

T and B cells, Antibodies made from B cells

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7
Q

Does the innate immune response impact the adaptive response?

A

YES, the innate response prepares the adaptive response.

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8
Q

how do antibodies, T cells and dendritic cells specifically recognize invaders, bugs?

A

receptors

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9
Q

________ defense systems are based on the distinction between self and alien invaders

A

animal

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10
Q

antibodies are made by_____

A

B cells

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11
Q

two types of antibodies

A

secreted and membrane bound (BCR - b-cell receptor)

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12
Q

PAMP

A

pathogen associated molecular pattern

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13
Q

innate immune cells recognize _______

A

PAMPS

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14
Q

TLR

A

Toll-related receptor

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15
Q

LPS

A

lipopolysaccharides

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16
Q

what do LPS’s do

A

they form the outer layer of bacteria, and act as PAMPS

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17
Q

does bacterial DNA have methylation?

A

no

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18
Q

TLR9 will recognize what?

A

unmethylated bacterial DNA

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19
Q

TLR’s are present in the _____ and the _____

A

macrophage and the dendritic cell

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20
Q

What part of the immune system are TLR receptors a part of?

A

the Innate immune response

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21
Q

TCR

A

t-cell receptor

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22
Q

MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex

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23
Q

a pathogen recognized by a TLR9 receptor will be lysed and degraded to peptides, which are then presented to the ____ by the _______

A

t-cell receptor by the MHC

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24
Q

when a pathogen is detected by the innate immune response, ______ are released, which lead to the _________ of T-cells

A

cytokines, proliferation

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25
Q

cytokines can give __________ responses that can sometimes be __________

A

inflammatory , hyperactive

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26
Q

the mast cell releases granules containing ________

A

histamine

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27
Q

histamine is released by the ______ cell

A

mast

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28
Q

histamine causes capillaries to become _______, allowing plasma and __________ to escape into tissue

A

leaky, phagocytes

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29
Q

cell-based defense, both innate and adaptive, is based on the _________ system

A

lymphoid / hematopoietic

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30
Q

bone marrow contains _____ _______ for the entire hematopoietic system

A

stem cells

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31
Q

a hematopoietic stem cell leads to what 2 progenitor cells?

A

myeloid and lymphoid

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32
Q

myeoloid progenitors lead to what cells

A

mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells

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33
Q

lymphoid progenitors lead to what cells

A

B cells, T cells, natural killer cells

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34
Q

innate immune response is mediated by _____

A

dendritic cells and macrophages

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35
Q

adaptive immune response is mediated by

A

T and B cells , Antibodies made by B cells

36
Q

lymphocyte

A

white blood cells, including NK cells (natural killer), B cells, and T cells

37
Q

two types of adaptive immune responses

A

antibody response and cell-mediated response

38
Q

do non-vertebrates have an adaptive immune response?

A

no

39
Q

does the adaptive immune response have memory?

A

yes after responding to a pathogen once, the system can respond more rapidly to subsequent exposure

40
Q

3 features of the adaptive response

A

specificity , self/non-self determination, memory

41
Q

a cell-mediated response is exerted by a ______

A

T cell

42
Q

____ ______ are responsible for an antibody response

A

B Cell

43
Q

each B cell produces a ______ antibody

A

different

44
Q

initially, B cells express a _______ _______ antibody, but after amplification, they switch to generating a ________ form of the antibody

A

membrane bound, secreted

45
Q

the membrane-bound form of an antibody acts as a ______ and sends a ______ signal

A

receptor, mitogenic (growth factor)

46
Q

antibodies are ______ consisting of 2 identical ______ chains and 2 identical ______ chains

A

tetramers, heavy, light

47
Q

interior Y structure of antibodies are called the _______

A

heavy chain

48
Q

both heavy and light chains have two regions: ____ and _____

A

variable and constant

49
Q

the variable region of an antibody forms the antigen ______ site

A

binding

50
Q

the constant region of an antibody determines the _______ and _______ of the antibody

A

destination and function(class)

51
Q

heavy and light chains consist of repeating units, called _____ ______

A

Ig domains

52
Q

Ig domains have about ______ amino acids

A

110

53
Q

the binding site of an antibody is between _____ regions of the ____ and the _____

A

variable regions of the heavy and light chains

54
Q

3 types of antigen binding that occur

A

pocket, groove, surface

55
Q

an individual can make ______ different antibodies

A

10^9

56
Q

the variable region consists of ___ ___ and ___ segments

A

V , D and J

57
Q

_______ assembly of different V, D, and J segments generates ______ different possibilities

A

combinatorial 10^9

58
Q

two types of lymphocytes that are produced upon exposure to antigen triggers

A

effector and memory cells

59
Q

memory cells respond more _____ than naive cells

A

rapidly

60
Q

immunological memory

A

rapid, specific response upon re-exposure

61
Q

the most common antibody is _____

A

IgG

62
Q

IgG promotes _____

A

phagocytosis

63
Q

how do antibodies travel from the blood to milk?

A

a specific receptor transcytoses antibodies over cells

64
Q

TCR

A

t cell receptor

65
Q

TCR’s are _______ proteins

A

transmembrane

66
Q

Like antibody genes, TCR genes are assembled from_______,_______, ______, and ______ segments

A

VDJC

67
Q

do T cells interact with free antigens or viruses

A

no!

68
Q

T cells interact with _________

A

cells and infected cells through the major histocompatibility complex

69
Q

two major types of T cells

A

cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells

70
Q

heavy chains combine what segments?

A

VDJC

71
Q

light chains combine what segments

A

VJC

72
Q

MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex

73
Q

TCR’s characteristics

A

alpha-beta hertodimer, transmembrane protein
variable and constant region
VDJC arranged

74
Q

Class I MHC’s interact with_______

A

Cytotoxic T cells

75
Q

Class II MHC’s interact with ______

A

Helper T-Cells

76
Q

_______ is a co-receptor on Cytotoxic T-cells

A

CD8

77
Q

_______ is a co-receptor on Helper T Cells

A

CD4

78
Q

Class I MHC’s are found in _______ and recognized by _______

A

most cells in the body, cytotoxic T cells

79
Q

Class II MHC’s are found in ________ and recognized by _______

A

antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages) helper T cells

80
Q

granzymes and perforin are released by ______ to _____ cells that present ______ on the class ____ MHC

A

cytotoxic T cells, kill, antigens I

81
Q

granzymes activate _______

A

caspases

82
Q

what causes organ rejection?

A

differences among MHC alleles in unrelated individuals. Diff alleles are seen as foreign, and are attacked/rejected

83
Q

humoral response

A

antibody response

84
Q

what cells does HIV target

A

cells with CD4 proteins

85
Q

people miss the ______ gene are immune to HIV

A

CCR5

HumBio 3A - 2nd Half (17 decks)

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