Final Review session 2 Flashcards
what prevents more sperm from attaching
cortical granules bind to zona pellucida and cleave proteins
what happens after fertilization
cleavage until morula (3-4 days)
how many cells in morula
16-32
the cells of the morula are _____ potent
toti
after the morula, the _____ forms
blastocyst
cells in the ICM of the blastocyst phase are _______ potent
pluri
the blastocyst consist of the ____ and the _____
ICM and the trophoblast
trophoblast turns into the _______
placenta/umbilical cord
trophoblast cells are _____ potent
multi
after the blastocyst, the mass will ______
implant
implantation happens during the ______ stage
blastocyst
after implantation there is a ______ and a _______
epiblast and hypblast
the cells from the epiblast start migrating down to the _____ _______
primitive streak
the epiblast cells push the ______ cells aside
hypoblast
the hypoblast cells will become ____ embryonic cells
extra
the first cells to dive through primitive streak become the ______
endoderm
order of layers
ecto, meso, endoderm
first layer to dive becomes the _____
endoderm
the bilaminar disc is made from the _____ _______
epiblast and the hypoblast
does the hypoblast become a germ layer?
no
what happens to the hypoblast cells?
becomes yolk-sac lining
the primitive node is part of the ______ ______
primitive streak
the notochord is part of the _______
mesoderm
the neural plate is part of the _______
ectoderm
the _______ pushes the neural plate down towards the notochord to form the neural tube
ectoderm
bones come from what layer?
mesoderm
embryonic stem cells are _____ potent
pluri
adult stem cells are ______ potent
multi
how are stem cells and progenitor cells different?
stem cells can self-reproduce, while progenitor cells cann
where are stem cells located?
in a niche
what’s the location of stem cells in the gut?
the crypt
the ____ provides local signals for the stem cells that tells the cells to _____ _____
niche, self-renew
if a stem cell is far from the niche, they will…..?
create differentiated cells
in order to duplicated themselves, stem cells must be close to the _____
niche
3 ways to form embryonic stem cells
- in vitro - take cell from ICM of the blastocyst and add to another organism
- nuclear transfer - remove nucleus from oocyte, remove nucleus from diploid cell and add it into unfertilized oocyte - voila embryonic stem cell
- IPS - induced pluripotent cells - express 4 genes in fibroblast
oocyte
unfertilized egg
in xenopus, the extrinsic signal is given to the ______ side
ventral
_____ is an extrinsic signal that binds to a toll receptor in xenopus to determine the dorsal/ventral polarity
dorsal
dorsal binds to the _____ receptor in xenopus
toll
in the xenopus, the high dorsal concentration is on the _____ side
ventral
3 non-dorsal hormones in xenopus embryo
dpp/sog/twist
twist binding affinity for dorsal
low
dpp binding affinity for dorsal
high
sog binding affinity for dorsal
high
dorsal _____ dpp
represses
dorsal ______ sog
activates
dorsal ______ twist
activates
4 crucial hormones for xenopus D/V polarity
dorsal, dpp, sog, twist
twist ____ sog which _____ dpp
inhibits, inhibits
twist is found in the ______ side of the embryo
ventral
stickleback fish?!?>!?!
all genes related to lacking hind limbs were related to PITX1 gene
stickleback fish that lacked hindlimbs had what?
had a homozygous mutation in the enhancer region for PITX1 gene
PAMP
pathogen associated molecular patterns
what recognizes pamps
the innate immune system (dendritic cells and macrophages)
the ____ breaks up a pathogen in a phagocyte and then presented on the _____ ______
lyzozyme, MHC class II
what pathway is used to turn on cytokine genes
NFKB
humoral response
antibody response
antibodies can be ______ or _______
transmembrane or secreted
_____ b-cells have ______ antibodies
naive, transmembrane
in order for an innate response to be generated, the _____ cell must be activated by a _____ of the _____ system
helper T cell, phagocyte, innate
what do cytotoxic T cells release
perforin and paranzymes
what do paranzymes activate?
caspases
myeloid progenitors produce cells of the _____ response
innate
lymphoid progenitors produce cells of the _______ response
adaptive
region where limbs can form
the limb forming zone (determined by Hox)
initial growth signal for limb formation
fgf10
fgf10 binds to ______ to start limb formation
Receptor tyrosine kinase
fgf10 signals from the _____ ______ of the mesoderm
lateral plate
fgf ____ is signaled back to fgf10 from the _____
8, AER
AER
apical ectodermal ridge
fgf10 ______ fgf8
activates
fgf8 _______ fgf10
activates
fgf10 and 8 form a ________ _______ ______
positive feedback loop
in the anterior region of limb development, ______ is expressed, which controls the expression of the forelimb
Tbx5
in the posterior region of the limb development, ______ is expressed, which controls the express of the _______
tbx4 , hindlimb
on the posterior end of a limb, the _____ _______ _______ releases Shh
zone of polarizing activity
Shh ______ FGF8
activates
the ZPA means
zone of polarizing activity
the ZPA expresses ______
Shh
high levels of Shh form ______ digits
larger
a pinky will form in a ________ Shh region
low
is FGF8 sufficient to form a limb?
no! it needs fgf10 and an AER
_____ will stop limb growth
BMP
BMP _____ cell/limb growth
inhibits
