Final Review session 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what prevents more sperm from attaching

A

cortical granules bind to zona pellucida and cleave proteins

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2
Q

what happens after fertilization

A

cleavage until morula (3-4 days)

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3
Q

how many cells in morula

A

16-32

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4
Q

the cells of the morula are _____ potent

A

toti

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5
Q

after the morula, the _____ forms

A

blastocyst

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6
Q

cells in the ICM of the blastocyst phase are _______ potent

A

pluri

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7
Q

the blastocyst consist of the ____ and the _____

A

ICM and the trophoblast

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8
Q

trophoblast turns into the _______

A

placenta/umbilical cord

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9
Q

trophoblast cells are _____ potent

A

multi

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10
Q

after the blastocyst, the mass will ______

A

implant

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11
Q

implantation happens during the ______ stage

A

blastocyst

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12
Q

after implantation there is a ______ and a _______

A

epiblast and hypblast

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13
Q

the cells from the epiblast start migrating down to the _____ _______

A

primitive streak

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14
Q

the epiblast cells push the ______ cells aside

A

hypoblast

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15
Q

the hypoblast cells will become ____ embryonic cells

A

extra

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16
Q

the first cells to dive through primitive streak become the ______

A

endoderm

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17
Q

order of layers

A

ecto, meso, endoderm

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18
Q

first layer to dive becomes the _____

A

endoderm

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19
Q

the bilaminar disc is made from the _____ _______

A

epiblast and the hypoblast

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20
Q

does the hypoblast become a germ layer?

A

no

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21
Q

what happens to the hypoblast cells?

A

becomes yolk-sac lining

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22
Q

the primitive node is part of the ______ ______

A

primitive streak

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23
Q

the notochord is part of the _______

A

mesoderm

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24
Q

the neural plate is part of the _______

A

ectoderm

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25
Q

the _______ pushes the neural plate down towards the notochord to form the neural tube

A

ectoderm

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26
Q

bones come from what layer?

A

mesoderm

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27
Q

embryonic stem cells are _____ potent

A

pluri

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28
Q

adult stem cells are ______ potent

A

multi

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29
Q

how are stem cells and progenitor cells different?

A

stem cells can self-reproduce, while progenitor cells cann

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30
Q

where are stem cells located?

A

in a niche

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31
Q

what’s the location of stem cells in the gut?

A

the crypt

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32
Q

the ____ provides local signals for the stem cells that tells the cells to _____ _____

A

niche, self-renew

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33
Q

if a stem cell is far from the niche, they will…..?

A

create differentiated cells

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34
Q

in order to duplicated themselves, stem cells must be close to the _____

A

niche

35
Q

3 ways to form embryonic stem cells

A
  1. in vitro - take cell from ICM of the blastocyst and add to another organism
  2. nuclear transfer - remove nucleus from oocyte, remove nucleus from diploid cell and add it into unfertilized oocyte - voila embryonic stem cell
  3. IPS - induced pluripotent cells - express 4 genes in fibroblast
36
Q

oocyte

A

unfertilized egg

37
Q

in xenopus, the extrinsic signal is given to the ______ side

A

ventral

38
Q

_____ is an extrinsic signal that binds to a toll receptor in xenopus to determine the dorsal/ventral polarity

A

dorsal

39
Q

dorsal binds to the _____ receptor in xenopus

A

toll

40
Q

in the xenopus, the high dorsal concentration is on the _____ side

A

ventral

41
Q

3 non-dorsal hormones in xenopus embryo

A

dpp/sog/twist

42
Q

twist binding affinity for dorsal

A

low

43
Q

dpp binding affinity for dorsal

A

high

44
Q

sog binding affinity for dorsal

A

high

45
Q

dorsal _____ dpp

A

represses

46
Q

dorsal ______ sog

A

activates

47
Q

dorsal ______ twist

A

activates

48
Q

4 crucial hormones for xenopus D/V polarity

A

dorsal, dpp, sog, twist

49
Q

twist ____ sog which _____ dpp

A

inhibits, inhibits

50
Q

twist is found in the ______ side of the embryo

A

ventral

51
Q

stickleback fish?!?>!?!

A

all genes related to lacking hind limbs were related to PITX1 gene

52
Q

stickleback fish that lacked hindlimbs had what?

A

had a homozygous mutation in the enhancer region for PITX1 gene

53
Q

PAMP

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns

54
Q

what recognizes pamps

A

the innate immune system (dendritic cells and macrophages)

55
Q

the ____ breaks up a pathogen in a phagocyte and then presented on the _____ ______

A

lyzozyme, MHC class II

56
Q

what pathway is used to turn on cytokine genes

A

NFKB

57
Q

humoral response

A

antibody response

58
Q

antibodies can be ______ or _______

A

transmembrane or secreted

59
Q

_____ b-cells have ______ antibodies

A

naive, transmembrane

60
Q

in order for an innate response to be generated, the _____ cell must be activated by a _____ of the _____ system

A

helper T cell, phagocyte, innate

61
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells release

A

perforin and paranzymes

62
Q

what do paranzymes activate?

A

caspases

63
Q

myeloid progenitors produce cells of the _____ response

A

innate

64
Q

lymphoid progenitors produce cells of the _______ response

A

adaptive

65
Q

region where limbs can form

A

the limb forming zone (determined by Hox)

66
Q

initial growth signal for limb formation

A

fgf10

67
Q

fgf10 binds to ______ to start limb formation

A

Receptor tyrosine kinase

68
Q

fgf10 signals from the _____ ______ of the mesoderm

A

lateral plate

69
Q

fgf ____ is signaled back to fgf10 from the _____

A

8, AER

70
Q

AER

A

apical ectodermal ridge

71
Q

fgf10 ______ fgf8

A

activates

72
Q

fgf8 _______ fgf10

A

activates

73
Q

fgf10 and 8 form a ________ _______ ______

A

positive feedback loop

74
Q

in the anterior region of limb development, ______ is expressed, which controls the expression of the forelimb

A

Tbx5

75
Q

in the posterior region of the limb development, ______ is expressed, which controls the express of the _______

A

tbx4 , hindlimb

76
Q

on the posterior end of a limb, the _____ _______ _______ releases Shh

A

zone of polarizing activity

77
Q

Shh ______ FGF8

A

activates

78
Q

the ZPA means

A

zone of polarizing activity

79
Q

the ZPA expresses ______

A

Shh

80
Q

high levels of Shh form ______ digits

A

larger

81
Q

a pinky will form in a ________ Shh region

A

low

82
Q

is FGF8 sufficient to form a limb?

A

no! it needs fgf10 and an AER

83
Q

_____ will stop limb growth

A

BMP

84
Q

BMP _____ cell/limb growth

A

inhibits