Final Prep - Section Questions

Question 1

Hox genes ______ the hox genes expressed in the anterior to them

Answer 1

repress

Question 2

Hox genes _______ locations of different developmental structures

Answer 2

control

Question 3

Homeodomain

Answer 3

highly conserved region of Hox proteins that allows them to bind to DNA and serve as transcription factors

Question 4

Hox genes serve as ______ _______

Answer 4

transcription factors

Question 5

when fasting , the _____ cells of the pancreas will secrete ______

Answer 5

alpha, glucagon

Question 6

______ cells secrete glucagon

Answer 6

alpha

Question 7

after eating, the _____ cells of the pancreas will secrete _____

Answer 7

beta , insulin

Question 8

insulin will _______ the blood glucose levels

Answer 8

decrease

Question 9

glucagon will _______ the blood glucose levels

Answer 9

insrease

Question 10

maintanance of constant internal conditions

Answer 10

homeostasis

Question 11

homeostasis

Answer 11

maintenance of constant internal conditions

Question 12

eve stripes are related to ______ development

Answer 12

drosophilia

Question 13

anterior to posterior transcription factor expression in drosophilia

Answer 13

bicoid, giant, hunchback, kruppel

Question 14

bicoid hunchback are _______ eve

Answer 14

activate

Question 15

giant and kruppel are ______ eve

Answer 15

repress

Question 16

3 reasons we use model organisms

Answer 16

1. developmental pathways conserved over time
2. shorter life spans
3. can manipulate the genome

Question 17

when is a gene necessary?

Answer 17

when the process does not proceed without it

Question 18

test for gene necessity

Answer 18

mutate or knock out gene

Question 19

example of gene necessity experiment

Answer 19

Ash1 knockout in yeast -> both cells switch

Question 20

when is a gene sufficient?

Answer 20

a gene on its own is enough to induce formation of dev process

Question 21

test for sufficiency

Answer 21

express gene where it’s normally not expressed, if “gain of function” then it’s sufficient (ectopic expression)

Question 22

examples of sufficiency tests

Answer 22

expressing “eyeless” in fly limbs forms eyes on limbs

Question 23

3 methods of epigenetic control

Answer 23

1. methylation
2. feedback loops
3. histone modification/ chromatin structure

Question 24

Pdx1

Answer 24

master regulatory switch

Question 25

Wellik & Capecchi paper summary

Answer 25

mutated Hox genes to determine effect

Question 26

what did the letters int he Wellik and Capecchi paper stand for?

Answer 26

ABCD were hox regions on different chromosomes. Large or small = wild or mutant

Question 27

anterior to posterior regions of spine

Answer 27

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Question 28

glycogenesis

Answer 28

synthesis of glycogen in the liver and muscle (glucose storage)

Question 29

glycogenolysis

Answer 29

breaking down of glycogen stores for glucose

Question 30

lipogenesis

Answer 30

creation of fat

Question 31

lipolysis

Answer 31

break down of fat

Question 32

ketogenesis

Answer 32

turning fatty acids and amino acids into ketoacids

Question 33

gluconeogenesis

Answer 33

creating glucose from fatty acids, amino acids and small carbon molecules

Question 34

where does gluconeogenesis take place

Answer 34

liver

Question 35

where does ketogenesis take place

Answer 35

liver

Question 36

what happens during starvation?

Answer 36

ketogenesis, gluconeogenesis

Question 37

what uses ketone bodies

Answer 37

the brain

Question 38

glycogenesis

Answer 38

synthesis of glycogen in liver and muscle

Question 39

lipolysis

Answer 39

break down of fat in adipose tissue and liver

Question 40

maternal effect genes- name 2

Answer 40

bicoid, nanos

Question 41

maternal effect genes - role

Answer 41

expressed in the oocyte as mRNA pre-fertilization from mother’s dna. First step of polarization

Question 42

gap genes - name 2

Answer 42

hunchback, kruppel, giant

Question 43

gap genes - role

Answer 43

mark broad subdivisions of embryo (span many segments)

Question 44

pair-rule genes - name 2

Answer 44

eve, ftz

Question 45

pair-rule genes - role

Answer 45

expressed in alternating stripes

Question 46

segment polarity genes - role

Answer 46

generate AP polarity within segments by regulating signals like Wnt and Hedgehog

Question 47

Hox genes - role

Answer 47

solidify/refine parasegments by controlling which developmental structures will grow on each segment