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HumBio 3A - 2nd Half > Final Prep - Section Questions > Flashcards

Final Prep - Section Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Hox genes ______ the hox genes expressed in the anterior to them

A

repress

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2
Q

Hox genes _______ locations of different developmental structures

A

control

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3
Q

Homeodomain

A

highly conserved region of Hox proteins that allows them to bind to DNA and serve as transcription factors

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4
Q

Hox genes serve as ______ _______

A

transcription factors

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5
Q

when fasting , the _____ cells of the pancreas will secrete ______

A

alpha, glucagon

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6
Q

______ cells secrete glucagon

A

alpha

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7
Q

after eating, the _____ cells of the pancreas will secrete _____

A

beta , insulin

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8
Q

insulin will _______ the blood glucose levels

A

decrease

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9
Q

glucagon will _______ the blood glucose levels

A

insrease

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10
Q

maintanance of constant internal conditions

A

homeostasis

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11
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of constant internal conditions

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12
Q

eve stripes are related to ______ development

A

drosophilia

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13
Q

anterior to posterior transcription factor expression in drosophilia

A

bicoid, giant, hunchback, kruppel

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14
Q

bicoid hunchback are _______ eve

A

activate

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15
Q

giant and kruppel are ______ eve

A

repress

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16
Q

3 reasons we use model organisms

A
  1. developmental pathways conserved over time
  2. shorter life spans
  3. can manipulate the genome
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17
Q

when is a gene necessary?

A

when the process does not proceed without it

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18
Q

test for gene necessity

A

mutate or knock out gene

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19
Q

example of gene necessity experiment

A

Ash1 knockout in yeast -> both cells switch

20
Q

when is a gene sufficient?

A

a gene on its own is enough to induce formation of dev process

21
Q

test for sufficiency

A

express gene where it’s normally not expressed, if “gain of function” then it’s sufficient (ectopic expression)

22
Q

examples of sufficiency tests

A

expressing “eyeless” in fly limbs forms eyes on limbs

23
Q

3 methods of epigenetic control

A
  1. methylation
  2. feedback loops
  3. histone modification/ chromatin structure
24
Q

Pdx1

A

master regulatory switch

25
Q

Wellik & Capecchi paper summary

A

mutated Hox genes to determine effect

26
Q

what did the letters int he Wellik and Capecchi paper stand for?

A

ABCD were hox regions on different chromosomes. Large or small = wild or mutant

27
Q

anterior to posterior regions of spine

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

28
Q

glycogenesis

A

synthesis of glycogen in the liver and muscle (glucose storage)

29
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breaking down of glycogen stores for glucose

30
Q

lipogenesis

A

creation of fat

31
Q

lipolysis

A

break down of fat

32
Q

ketogenesis

A

turning fatty acids and amino acids into ketoacids

33
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

creating glucose from fatty acids, amino acids and small carbon molecules

34
Q

where does gluconeogenesis take place

A

liver

35
Q

where does ketogenesis take place

A

liver

36
Q

what happens during starvation?

A

ketogenesis, gluconeogenesis

37
Q

what uses ketone bodies

A

the brain

38
Q

glycogenesis

A

synthesis of glycogen in liver and muscle

39
Q

lipolysis

A

break down of fat in adipose tissue and liver

40
Q

maternal effect genes- name 2

A

bicoid, nanos

41
Q

maternal effect genes - role

A

expressed in the oocyte as mRNA pre-fertilization from mother’s dna. First step of polarization

42
Q

gap genes - name 2

A

hunchback, kruppel, giant

43
Q

gap genes - role

A

mark broad subdivisions of embryo (span many segments)

44
Q

pair-rule genes - name 2

A

eve, ftz

45
Q

pair-rule genes - role

A

expressed in alternating stripes

46
Q

segment polarity genes - role

A

generate AP polarity within segments by regulating signals like Wnt and Hedgehog

47
Q

Hox genes - role

A

solidify/refine parasegments by controlling which developmental structures will grow on each segment

HumBio 3A - 2nd Half (17 decks)

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