Final Prep - Section Questions Flashcards
Hox genes ______ the hox genes expressed in the anterior to them
repress
Hox genes _______ locations of different developmental structures
control
Homeodomain
highly conserved region of Hox proteins that allows them to bind to DNA and serve as transcription factors
Hox genes serve as ______ _______
transcription factors
when fasting , the _____ cells of the pancreas will secrete ______
alpha, glucagon
______ cells secrete glucagon
alpha
after eating, the _____ cells of the pancreas will secrete _____
beta , insulin
insulin will _______ the blood glucose levels
decrease
glucagon will _______ the blood glucose levels
insrease
maintanance of constant internal conditions
homeostasis
homeostasis
maintenance of constant internal conditions
eve stripes are related to ______ development
drosophilia
anterior to posterior transcription factor expression in drosophilia
bicoid, giant, hunchback, kruppel
bicoid hunchback are _______ eve
activate
giant and kruppel are ______ eve
repress
3 reasons we use model organisms
- developmental pathways conserved over time
- shorter life spans
- can manipulate the genome
when is a gene necessary?
when the process does not proceed without it
test for gene necessity
mutate or knock out gene
example of gene necessity experiment
Ash1 knockout in yeast -> both cells switch
when is a gene sufficient?
a gene on its own is enough to induce formation of dev process
test for sufficiency
express gene where it’s normally not expressed, if “gain of function” then it’s sufficient (ectopic expression)
examples of sufficiency tests
expressing “eyeless” in fly limbs forms eyes on limbs
3 methods of epigenetic control
- methylation
- feedback loops
- histone modification/ chromatin structure
Pdx1
master regulatory switch
Wellik & Capecchi paper summary
mutated Hox genes to determine effect
what did the letters int he Wellik and Capecchi paper stand for?
ABCD were hox regions on different chromosomes. Large or small = wild or mutant
anterior to posterior regions of spine
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
glycogenesis
synthesis of glycogen in the liver and muscle (glucose storage)
glycogenolysis
breaking down of glycogen stores for glucose
lipogenesis
creation of fat
lipolysis
break down of fat
ketogenesis
turning fatty acids and amino acids into ketoacids
gluconeogenesis
creating glucose from fatty acids, amino acids and small carbon molecules
where does gluconeogenesis take place
liver
where does ketogenesis take place
liver
what happens during starvation?
ketogenesis, gluconeogenesis
what uses ketone bodies
the brain
glycogenesis
synthesis of glycogen in liver and muscle
lipolysis
break down of fat in adipose tissue and liver
maternal effect genes- name 2
bicoid, nanos
maternal effect genes - role
expressed in the oocyte as mRNA pre-fertilization from mother’s dna. First step of polarization
gap genes - name 2
hunchback, kruppel, giant
gap genes - role
mark broad subdivisions of embryo (span many segments)
pair-rule genes - name 2
eve, ftz
pair-rule genes - role
expressed in alternating stripes
segment polarity genes - role
generate AP polarity within segments by regulating signals like Wnt and Hedgehog
Hox genes - role
solidify/refine parasegments by controlling which developmental structures will grow on each segment
