Week 9 - How do we get rid of toxic wastes?

Question 1

Which cavity are the kidneys located within?

Answer 1

abdominopelvic

Question 2

Renal capsule

Answer 2

fibrous connective tissue surrounding each kidney

Question 3

Adipose tissue

Answer 3

engulfs renal capsule and acts as cushioning

Question 4

Renal fascia

Answer 4

thin layer of loose connective tissue which anchors kidney to posterior abdominal wall

Question 5

Hilum

Answer 5

renal artery and nerves enter and renal vein and ureters exit

Question 6

Renal sinus

Answer 6

hilum opens into it, filled with fat and loose connective tissue

Question 7

Ureter

Answer 7

exists at hilum, connects at urinary bladder

Question 8

Cortex

Answer 8

outer area

Question 9

Renal columns

Answer 9

part of cortical tissue that extends into medulla

Question 10

Medulla

Answer 10

inner area, surrounds renal sinus

Question 11

Renal pyramids

Answer 11

cone-shaped, base is boundary between cortex and medulla

Question 12

Renal papilla

Answer 12

apex of renal pyramid

Question 13

Minor calyces

Answer 13

funnel-shaped chambers into which papillae extend

Question 14

Major calyces

Answer 14

converge to renal pelvis

Question 15

Pelvis

Answer 15

enlarged chamber formed by major calyces

Question 16

What are the type types of nephron?

Answer 16

Juxtamedullary: renal corpuscle located near medulla, long loop of Henle which extends deep in medulla
Cortical: renal corpuscle located nearer to periphery of cortex, loops of Henle do not extend that deep

Question 17

What is the renal corpuscle comprised of?

Answer 17

Bowman’s capsule: enlarged end of the nephron, double-walled, filters blood
Glomerulus: ball/network of capillaries
Afferent (into) and efferent (away from) arterioles

Question 18

What are the layers of the Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 18

Parietal: outer layer, simple squamous, becomes cuboidal in PCT
Visceral: inner, specalised podocytes (wrap around glomerular capillaries, facilitate filtration)

Question 19

Filtration membrane

Answer 19

Fenestrae: window-like openings in endothelial cells f glomerular capillaries
Filtration slits: gaps between podocytes
Basement membrane: sandwiched between endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries and podocytes

Question 20

Renal tubules

Answer 20

Proximal convoluted tubule: filtrate drains from Bowman’s capsule to PCT
Loop of Henle: descending and ascending loop
Distal convoluted tubule: shorter than PCT
Collecting ducts: large diameter, medulla –> renal papilla –> ureter

Question 21

Proximal tubule

Answer 21

simple cuboidal, microvilli

Question 22

Loop of Henle

Answer 22

thick = simple cuboidal, thin = simple squamous

Question 23

Distal tubules

Answer 23

simple cuboidal , few microvilli

Question 24

Collecting ducts

Answer 24

large in diameter, simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 25

How does urine move through the nephron?

Answer 25

• pressure and peristalsis

- pressurein bladder compresses ureters and prevents backflow

Question 26

Ureters

Answer 26

bring urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder, lined by transitional epithelium

Question 27

Bladder

Answer 27

hollow muscular container, located in pelvic cavity posterior to symphysis pubis

Question 28

Trigone

Answer 28

interior of urinary bladder, triangular area between entry of two ureters and exit of urethra

Question 29

Urethra

Answer 29

transports urine from bladder to the outside of the body

• internal urinary sphincter - elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle prevent urine continuously flowing out of bladder
• external urinary sphincter - skeletal muscle surrounds urethra as it extends through pelvic floor