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zHuman Structure and Function > Week 12 - How does it all work? > Flashcards

Week 12 - How does it all work? Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the spinal cord come from?

A

foramen magnum to the first or second lumbar vertebrae

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2
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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3
Q

What are the regions of the spinal cord?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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4
Q

Where are the enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

cervical and lumbosacral regions –> arms and legs

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5
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

branches from the L5 enlargement

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6
Q

What are the meninges

A

connective tissue covering the spinal cord and brains

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7
Q

What are the functions of the meninges?

A
  • protect CNS and blood vessels
  • contains CSF
  • forms partitions in the skull
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8
Q

Describe the three meningeal layers in the spinal cord?

A

Dura mater
-contains subdural space –> serous fluid
Arachnoid mater
-contains subarachnoid space –> cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels
Pia mater
-many small blood vessels

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9
Q

Where are sensory and motor neurons found?

A

sensory: dorsal roots
motor: ventral roots

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10
Q

What is the structure of a nerve?

A
  • endoneurium - surrounds axon and associated schwann cells
  • perineurium - surrounds a group of axons or a nerve fascicle
  • epineurium - surrounds a group of fascicles
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11
Q

How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves are there?

A 
Cervical: 8 pairs
Thoracic: 12 pairs
Lumbar: 5 pairs
Sacral: 5 pairs
Coccygeal: 1 pair
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12
Q

What are the parts of the brain?

A
  • forebrain –> cerebrum, diencephalon
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain –> pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
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13
Q

Which parts form the branistem?

A

midbrain, hindbrain (pons, medulla oblongata)

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14
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • autonomic reflex centre
  • cardiovascular centre - regulates heart rate, force of contractions, blood vessel diameter
  • respiratory centre - regulates rate and depth of breathing
  • other reflexes - swallowing, vomiting, hiccuping, coughing, sneezing
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15
Q

Pons

A
  • contains conduction tracts: longitudinal (spinal cord –> higher brain centres; transverse tracts (cerebrum and cerebellum)
  • sleep centre (REM)
  • respiratory centre (works with medulla oblongata)
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16
Q

Midbrain

A
  • receives visual, auditory and tactile sensory output
  • generates reflex movements of head, eyes, body
  • controls movement of the eye
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17
Q

cerebellum

A

-controls locomotion, in association with cerebrum
-fine motor control
posture and balance

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18
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A
  • thalamus
  • subthalamus
  • epithalamus
  • hypothalamus
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19
Q

What are gyri, fissures and sulci?

A

Gyri: elevated tissue or folds
Sulci: groove
Fissures: deep grooves

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20
Q

What are longitudinal fissures?

A

separates left and right hemispheres

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21
Q

What is the lateral fissure?

A

separates temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum

22
Q

Precentral gyrus?

A

primary somatic motor cortex

23
Q

Postcentral gyrus?

A

primary somatic sensory cortex (primary somatosensory cortex)

24
Q

Frontal lobe?

A

voluntary motor function, motivation, planning, aggression, sense of smell, regulation of emotional behaviour and mood

25
Q

Parietal lobe?

A

area which receives the most sensory input except for smell, hearing, taste and vision

26
Q

Occipital lobe?

A

receives and processes visual input

27
Q

Temporal lobe?

A

receives and processes smell and hearing, role in memory

28
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temportal

29
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

connects two vertebral hemispheres together

30
Q

What is the role of limbic system?

A

role in memory, development of neuropathways

31
Q

Describe the meningeal layers of the brain?

A 
Dura mater
-periosteal dura
dural venous sinus: venous blood, dural folds
-meningeal dura
-subdural space: serous fluid
Arachnoid mater
-subarachnoid space: CSF and blood vessels
Pia mater
-many small blood vessels
32
Q

What are the functions of ventricles?

A
  • production of CSF

- lined with ependymal cells

33
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • produced in choroid plexus
  • protects brain and spinal cord from trauma
  • provides buoyancy
  • similar composition to blood plasma but less proteins and different ionic concentrations
34
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12, named after Roman numerals

35
Q

Division of sympathetic division?

A

thoracolumbar

36
Q

Division of the parasympathetic division?

A

craniosacral

37
Q

Autocrine

A

local effect on the same cell type from which the chemical signals are released

38
Q

Paracrine

A

affect other cell types locally without being transported in the blood

39
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

produced by neurons, secreted into extracellular space

40
Q

Endocrine

A

produced by cells of endocrine glands, enters circulatory system and affects distance cells

41
Q

Characteristics of hormones

A
  • produced in small quantities
  • transported some distance in the circulatory system
  • acts of target tissue elsewhere in the body
42
Q

Types of hormone secretion

A
  • acute: sudden release duer to stimulus
  • chronic: small variations over long periods
  • episodic: estrogen and progesterone
43
Q

What are some functions of the endocrine system?

A

metabolism, control of food intake and digestion, tissue maturation, ion regulation, water balance, HR and BP regulation, control of blood glucose and other nutrients, controls reproductive functions, uterine contraction and milk release, immune system regulation

44
Q

Difference between posterior and anterior pituitary

A
  • posterior: nervous tissue

anterior: endocrine tissue

45
Q

Describe the relationship between the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

A

-releasing and inhibiting factors produced by the hypothalamus pass to anterior pituitary, causing it to release hormones

46
Q

What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?

A

Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, luitenizing hormone, prolactin

47
Q

Describe the relationship between the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus

A

-nervous stimulation of cells of posterior pituitary cause the posterior pituitary to release hormones

48
Q

What are the hormones of the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH, oxytocin

49
Q

Give an example of negative feedback

A

T3 and T4 from thyroid gland, when enough is in the blood stream, the thyroid stops producing it until it is needed again

50
Q

Give an example of positive feedback

A

oxytocin during childbirth, uterine contractions cause the release of oxytocin

zHuman Structure and Function (9 decks)

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