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zHuman Structure and Function > Week 11 - How do we control ourselves? > Flashcards

Week 11 - How do we control ourselves? Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • maintaining homeostasis
  • receives sensory input (internal and external)
  • integrating information
  • motor output
  • establishing and maintaining mental activity
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2
Q

What are the two structural divisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system - brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system - spinal nerves and cranial nerves

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3
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

separate specialised cells which detect temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, odour and stimuli

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4
Q

What is a nerve?

A

bundle of axons (nerve fibres) and their sheaths

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5
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

collection of cell bodies located outside the CNS

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6
Q

What is a plexus?

A

extensive network of axons or cell bodies

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7
Q

What is a synapse?

A

a junction of a neuron with another cell

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8
Q

Autonomic division

A
  • involuntary, subconscious
  • CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands
  • two neurons
  • cell bodies of neurons located in the CNS and autonomic ganglion
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9
Q

Somatic division

A
  • voluntary, conscious
  • CNS to skeletal muscle
  • single neuron
  • cell bodies located in CNS
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10
Q

What is neuron?

A

structural unit of the nervous system

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11
Q

Describe the functional types of neurons

A
  • sensory (afferent) - body -> CNS
  • motor (efferent) - CNS -> body
  • inter neuron - from one neuron to another
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12
Q

Describe the structural types of neurons

A
  • multipolar- many dendrites, single axon
  • bipolar - axon, dendrites
  • unipolar - one axon away from cell body
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13
Q

What are the types of neuroglia found in the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS: astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendroxytes
PNS: schwann cells, satellite cells

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14
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • CNS
  • supporting framework for blood vessels and neurons
  • assist in the formation of tight junctions between endothelial cells of capillaries
  • blood-brain barrier
  • respond to tissue damage in CNS
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15
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • CNS
  • line central cavities of brain and spinal cord
  • assist in movement of CSF
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16
Q

Microglial cells

A
  • CNS
  • monitor health of surrounding neurons using extensions
  • phagocytose microorganism, infection trauma or inflammation
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17
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • CNS

- cover axons which forms an insulting sheath around them –> myelin sheath

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18
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • PNS

- forms a myelin sheath around axons –> insulating

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19
Q

Satellite cells

A
  • PNS
  • provide support and nutrition to cell bodies in ganglia
  • protect cell bodies from harmful substances
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20
Q

Where is grey matter found in the CNS?

A

Brain: outer cortex (superficial) and nuclei (deeper)

Spinal cord: inner ‘grey’ part

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21
Q

Where is grey matter found in the PNS?

A

ganglion

22
Q

Where is white matter found in the CNS?

A

Brain: deeper nerve tracts

Spinal cord: outer part

23
Q

Where is white matter found in the PNS?

A

nerves

24
Q

What does grey matter consist of?

A

cell bodies and dendrites

25
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

axons

26
Q

What causes membrane potentials to be generated?

A
  • differences in ionic concentrations (sodium and potassium)

- permeability of cell to ions (movement of ions)

27
Q

Non-gated ion channels

A
  • ‘leak’ ion channels

- cell membrane has more potassium leak ion channels open compared to sodium leak ion channels

28
Q

Gated ion channels

A
  • require signals to open
  • ligand-gated = chemically gated
  • voltage-gated = change in charge
  • other-gated ion channel = touch, temp, pressure et
29
Q

How do ions move in and out of cells?

A

gated and non gated ion channels

30
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

difference in charge across cell membrane ina resting cell

  • intracellular side more negative
  • -70mV
  • caused by leak ion channels and sodium/potassium pump
  • more potassium outside contributing to negative charge
31
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

membrane potential becomes more positive (inside of cell becomes more positive)

32
Q

What is hyperpolarisation?

A

membrane potential becomes more negative (inside of cell becomes more negative)

33
Q

What is repolarisation?

A

membrane potential returns to normal

34
Q

Graded potential

A
  • CAN lead to an action potential
  • short-lived, localised changes in membrane potential
  • often occurs in dendrites
  • ability to summate
35
Q

What occurs at resting membrane potential with gates?

A
  • all gated sodium and potassium gates are closed
  • potassium leak channels open (potassium to outside of cell) –> negative intracellular charge)
  • sodium/potassium pump also works to maintain RMP
36
Q

What occurs at depolarisation with gates?

A
  • sodium gated channels open and sodium moves into cell (more positive inside)
  • potassium gated channels closed
37
Q

What occurs at repolarisation with the gates?

A
  • sodium gated channels close

- potassium gated channels open and potassium moves out of the cell (slightly negative inside)

38
Q

What occurs at hyperpolarisation?

A
  • sodium channels close

- potassium channels close slowly so potassium continues to leave the cell

39
Q

What happens again at resting membrane potential?

A
  • sodium and potassium gated channels close

- resting potential re-established by sodium/potassium pump which redistributes ions

40
Q

All-or-none principle

A

action potential happens completely or not at all

41
Q

Refractory period

A
  • absolute: beginning to end of transmission to ensure no interruptions
  • relative: cannot respond to another stimulus following absolute refractory period
42
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

along myelinated fibres

43
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A
  • electrical

- chemical synapses

44
Q

What is the process of transmission across a chemical synapse?

A
  1. action potential arrives at terminal
  2. causes voltage-gated calcium ion gates to open
  3. calcium floods into the presynpatic terminal
  4. calcium causes vesicles closer to membrane
  5. vesicles fuse to membrane and release neurotransmitters into synapse
  6. neurotransmitters diffuse across and bind to sodium gated channels (ligand-gated_
  7. gates open and sodium moves into the cell
  8. change in charge = graded potential
45
Q

How are neurotransmitters removed?

A
  • breakdown by enzymes
  • re-absorption into presynaptic terminal
  • diffuse away from synapse
46
Q

Why must neurotransmitters be removed from the cell?

A

muscles (or other effector) will continue to contract continuously

47
Q

What is a reflex?

A
  • automatic response to a stimulus

- can be somatic or autonomic

48
Q

What is the simplest reflex arc?

A

do not involve interneurons (eg mono-synaptic)

49
Q

What are the components of a typical reflex arc?

A
  • sensory receptor
  • sensory neuron
  • interneuron
  • motor neuron
  • effector organ
50
Q

What is the purpose of the stretch receptor of the patella tendon?

A

stablises leg when standing, monosynaptic

zHuman Structure and Function (9 decks)

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