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zHuman Structure and Function > Week 2 - how do cells do what they do? > Flashcards

Week 2 - how do cells do what they do? Flashcards

1
Q

intracellular

A

the space or fluid inside a cell, within the cell membrane

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2
Q

extracellular

A

the space or fluid outside a cell, outside the cell membrane

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3
Q

cytoplasm

A

the area and contents of a cell located within the membrane but outside the nucleus

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4
Q

organelle

A

a small, specialised intracellular unit with a specific function

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5
Q

nucleus

A

an organelle containing the cell’s DNA or genetic material

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6
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a membranous organelle, rough if ribosomes, smooth if no ribosomes

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7
Q

epithelial cell

A

primary tissue type found lining ducts and tubes, and also lining the entire outside of the body

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8
Q

stratified

A

when epithelial cells are comprised of more than one layer

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9
Q

cuboidal

A

epithelial cells in a square shape, often with a round nucleus

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10
Q

columnar

A

epithelial cells in a tall rectangular shape, often with an oval shape nucleus

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11
Q

transitional

A

epithelial cells found only in the urinary system, allow for stretch depending on the volume of urine present

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12
Q

photomicrograph

A

a photo taken through a microscope, in order to visualise very small cells or tissues at high magnification

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13
Q

microvilli

A

small finger-like extensions off an epithelial cell membrane, increase surface area

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14
Q

adipose tissue

A

fatty tissue containing adipoctyes (fat cells)

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15
Q

What are the four functional characteristics of cells?

A
  • energy use
  • cell metabolism
  • synthesis of molecules
  • communication
  • reproduction and inheritance
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16
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

controls the substances that move in and out of the cell membrane, it also supports cell flexibility

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17
Q

What are the components of the plasma membrane and their percentages?

A

phosopholipid bi-layer: hydrophilic phosphorous heads and hydrophobic lipid tails (45-55%), carbohydrates (4-8%) and proteins (45-55%)

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18
Q

What are the roles of proteins in the plasma membrane?

A

proteins act as receptors on the cell

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19
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

the glycocalyx consists of gylcoproteins and glycolipids. It forms the outer structure of the cell membrane.

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20
Q

What does the glycocalyx consist of?

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

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21
Q

What is the cytoplasm? What does it contain?

A

the cytoplasm is the cellular fluid material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane. It includes organelles of the cell

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22
Q

What is cytosol? What are the two parts?

A

Cytosol consists of cytoplasmic inclusions (chemicals)_ and the cytoskeleton (supports the cell and is also involved in movement)

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23
Q

What is the role of cytoskeleton?

A

supports the cell and is involved in movement

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24
Q

What are the three parts of cytoskeleton?

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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25
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

control centre of the cell, contains genetic material

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26
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  • nuclear envelope: bi-layer
  • nucleoplasm
  • nucleolus: produces ribosomes
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27
Q

Where are ribosomes found? What is their function?

A

ribosomes are found freely floating around in the cytoplasm of the cell, as well as attached to the rough ER

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28
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

protein synthesis

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29
Q

What is the structure of ER?

A

flattened, interconnecting tubules and sacs

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30
Q

What is the difference between smooth and rough ER?

A 
rough = ribosomes
smooth = no ribosomes
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31
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A

flattened membronous sacs with cisternae

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32
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids

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33
Q

What is the structure of lysosomes and where are they found?

A

lysosomes contain digestive enzymes which digest cell debris and microorganisms from inside the cell, form at the Golgi apparatus

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34
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

digest molecules and debris that is no longer needed by the cell

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35
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A

outer membrane, inner membrane space, inner membrane, with a matrix

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36
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

synthesis of ATP (energy source of cells)

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37
Q

What is the structure of centrioles?

A

barrel-shaped organelles at right angles to each other.

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38
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

involved in cell division

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39
Q

What is the structure of cilia?

A

whip-like motile cellular extensions that project from th outer surface of cells

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40
Q

What is the function of cilia? Ie where are they found.

A

movement of substances across the surface of a cell: respiratory tract, fallopian tubes

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41
Q

What is the structure of flagella? Where are they found?

A

similar to cilia, but longer. Found on human sperm cells

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42
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

motility of cell

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43
Q

What is the structure of microvilli? Where are they found?

A

extensions of the plasma membrane

44
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

non-motile, increases the surface area of the cell

45
Q

What is histology?

A

study of tissue and its micro anatomy

46
Q

What is the difference between a biopsy and autopsy?

A

biopsy: performed on a living specimen
autopsy: performed on a dead specimen

47
Q

What is the purpose of fixating a tissue sample?

A

to keep it in place on the microscope

48
Q

What is haemotocylin and eosin? What are the different colours they stain?

A

Tissue stains. Haemotocylin stains the nucleus purple, whereas eosin stains the cytoplasm blue.

49
Q

What are the four types of primary tissue and their basic functions?

A

epithelial: to cover
connective: to support
muscle: to move
nervous: to control

50
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A
  • conducts and protects
  • covers and lines
  • avascular
  • innvervated and can be regenerated
51
Q

What are the cell surfaces of epithelial tissue?

A

free surface, lateral surface, basal surface

52
Q

What are the classifications of epithelial tissue based on cell layers?

A

simple, stratified, pseudo stratified

53
Q

What are the classifications of epithelial tissue based on cell shapes?

A

squamous , cuboidal, columnar, transitional

54
Q

What is simple epithelial tissue?

A

one layer

55
Q

What is stratified epithelial tissue?

A

more than one layer

56
Q

What is psyeudostratified epithelial tissue?

A

looks like more than one layer, bit is only one layer

57
Q

What is squamous epithelial tissue?

A

flat-shaped cells

58
Q

What is cuboidal epithelial tissue?

A

cube-shaped cells, large round nucleus

59
Q

What is columnar epithelial tissue?

A

tall, narrow cells with nucleus towards the bottom of the cell

60
Q

What is transitional epithelial tissue?

A

can change shape depending on whether the tissue is stretched or loose (bladder)

61
Q

What is the function and structure of simple squamous epithelium?

A
  • single layer and flat

- diffusion: alveoli; filtration: kidney glomeruli

62
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

alveoli and kidney glomeruli

63
Q

What is the function and structure of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A
  • single layer and tall

- absorption: kidney tubules; movement with cilia: terminal bronchioles

64
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

kidney tubules, terminal bronchioles

65
Q

What is the function and structure of simple columnar epithelium?

A
  • single layers and tall with round nuclei

- absorption: small intestines; secretions: stomach; movement: lungs and fallopian tubes

66
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

small intestines, stomach, lungs, fallopian tubes

67
Q

What is the function and structure of transitional epithelium?

A
  • resembles either stratified squamous or cuboidal

- accomdates the change in fluid volume: urinary bladder, ureter, upper urethra

68
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

urinary bladder, ureter, upper urethra

69
Q

What is the function and structure of stratified squamous epithelium?

A
  • basal cells are cuboidal/columnar and become squamous towards the surface
  • keratinised to protect and water-proof
  • keratinised: sole of foot, palm of hands
  • non-keratinised: mouth, oesophagus, anus, vagina
70
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

A
  • keratinised: sole of foot, palm of hands

- non-keratinised: mouth, oesophagus, anus, vagina

71
Q

What is the function and structure of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A
  • rare, limited distribution

- absorption, secretion, protection: ducts of sweat glands, ducts of salivary glands, developing ovum

72
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

ducts of sweat glands, ducts of salivary glands, developing ovum

73
Q

What is the function and structure of stratified columnar epithelium?

A
  • rare

- secretion and protection: ducts of mammary glands, larynx, part of male urethra

74
Q

Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

ducts of mammary glands, larynx, part of male urethra

75
Q

What is the structure and function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A
  • single layer, differing heights, ciliated

- movement: pharynx, trachea; secretion: sperm-carrying ducts

76
Q

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

A

pharynx, trachae, sperm-carrying ducts

77
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

connects, binds, strengthens, protects, insulates, compartmentalizes, transports, provides energy

78
Q

What is the composition of connective tissue?

A

cells produce ECM (adipose, mast cells, fibroblasts, white blood cells, macriphages), ground substances and fibres (extracellular matrix)

79
Q

What is the ground substance of connective tissue?

A

fills the spaces between the cells of connective tissue , and is also the space where fibres are suspended

80
Q

What are the fibres of connective tissue?

A

collagen, elastic, reticular

81
Q

What are the classes of connective tissue?

A

CT proper, cartilage, bone, blood

82
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue proper?

A

dense and loose

83
Q

What are the classes of dense connective tissue proper?

A
  • regular (attachments, ie tendons and ligaments)
  • irregular (strength and stretching, dermis, fibrous coverings)
  • elastic (high recoil and strength, artery walls, ligaments)
84
Q

What are the classes of loose connective tissue proper?

A
  • areolar (loose packing, support and binding, widely distributed in the skin)
  • adipose (nutrient-storing, shock absorption, insulation)
  • reticular (framework to support free blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow)
85
Q

What are the functions and locations of areolar connective tissue?

A

loose packing, support, binding, widely distributed in skin

86
Q

What are the functions and locations of adipose connective tissue?

A

nutrient-storing, shock absorption, insulation

87
Q

What are the functions and locations of reticular connective tissue?

A

framework to support free blood cells, inlcudes lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

88
Q

What are the functions and locations of regular connective tissue?

A

attachments, tendons and ligaments

89
Q

What are the functions and locations of irregular connective tissue?

A

strength and stretching, dermis, fibrous coverings

90
Q

What are the functions and locations of elastic connective tissue?

A

high recoil and strength, walls of arteries and ligaments

91
Q

What are the characteristics of cartilage?

A

made of cartilage cells within a rigid matrix, avascular but not innvervated

92
Q

What is function of cartilage?

A

protection, flexibility and rigidity, capable of withstanding pressure

93
Q

What are the types of cartilage and their locations?

A

hyaline: rib cage, trachea, articulating surfaces of bones, nose
fibrocartilage: invertebral disc and pubic symphysis
elastic: ear and epiglottis

94
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

supports and protects body structures, composed of cells and matrix,

95
Q

What are the two types of bone and their characteristics?

A

spongy bone: ends of long bones, sternum, vertebrae,, pelvis

compact: shaft of long bones, outer portion of all bones

96
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

transports wastes, nutrients and gases around the body

97
Q

What is blood comprised of?

A

red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leucocytes) and platelets (involved in blood clotting)

98
Q

What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

A

highly cellular, well vascularised, responsible for body movement

99
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

100
Q

What are the characteristics and locations of skeletal muscle?

A

attach to bones, striated, multi-nucleated, mainly under voluntary control

101
Q

What are the characteristics and locations of cardiac muscle?

A

walls of heart, responsible for pumping blood around the body, striated with intercalated discs, involuntary

102
Q

What are the characteristics and locations of smooth muscle?

A

walls of hollow organs, no striations, one nucleus per cell, involuntary control

103
Q

What does the nervous system comprise of?

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

104
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

support cells in the nervous system

105
Q

What are the components of a neuron?

A

dendrite, axon, axon terminal, myelin sheath, cell body

106
Q

What are the five cell types of connective tissue?

A

adipose, mast, white blood cells, fibroblasts, macrophages

zHuman Structure and Function (9 decks)

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