Week 1 - What is Life?

Question 1

Define anatomy.

Answer 1

Investigates the STRUCTURE of body parts and how they relate to each other

Question 2

Define physiology.

Answer 2

Study of the function of living things

Question 3

What are the 4 levels of anatomy?

Answer 3

1) gross (macroscopic): structures examined without the aid of a microscope
a) systemic: body studied system by system
b) regional: body studied area by area
2) surface: external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures
3) microscopic: structures examined with the aid of a microscope
4) developmental: structural changes that occur in the body through the life span

Question 4

What are some levels of physiology?

Answer 4

molecular, cellular, systemic, neurophysiology, renal, cardiovascular, pulmonary

Question 5

What are the 6 levels of organisation in the human body?

Answer 5

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism

Question 6

Give an example of chemical level.

Answer 6

atoms (C, H, O, N etc) which make up molecules (DNA, RNA, water, sugar)

Question 7

Give an example of cellular level.

Answer 7

Molecules (RNA, DNA) which combine to form organelles (nucleus, mitochondria)

Question 8

Give an example of tissue level.

Answer 8

Cells (smooth muscle cells) combining to form a tissue (smooth muscle tissue)

Question 9

Give an example of organ level.

Answer 9

Tissues (smooth muscle tissue) to organs (urinary bladder)

Question 10

Give an example of organ system level.

Answer 10

One or more organs (kidneys, ureters, bladder) to make up a system (urinary system)

Question 11

What are the 6 characteristics of an organism? Elaborate on each

Answer 11

1) ORGANISATION: relationships amongst parts of an organism and how the parts interact to perform specific functions
2) METABOLISM: chemical reactions
3) RESPONSIVENESS: organism’s ability to sense changes in its environment and adjust to changes
4) GROWTH: increase in size/number of cells
5) DEVELOPMENT: changes an organism undergoes through time
6) REPRODUCTION: formation of new cells or new organisms

Question 12

Define homeostasis.

Answer 12

The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite changes to the outside environment.

Question 13

What are some examples of homeostatic mechanisms?

Answer 13

sweating, shivering, uptake of glucose into cells

Question 14

What is the anatomical position and why is it important?

Answer 14

Face forward, palms forward, arms hanging by their sides. It is important because it provides a point of reference

Question 15

What is supine?

Answer 15

lying face up

Question 16

What is prone?

Answer 16

lying face down

Question 17

What is superior? Give an example.

Answer 17

towards the head. The head is superior to the neck

Question 18

What is inferior? Give an example.

Answer 18

towards the hail. The pelvis is inferior to the diaphragm

Question 19

What is anterior? Give an example.

Answer 19

towards the front. The nose is anterior to the ears

Question 20

What is posterior? Give an example.

Answer 20

towards the back. The ankles are posterior to the toes

Question 21

What is proximal? Give an example.

Answer 21

nearest compared to the point of attachment. The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Question 22

What is distal? Given an example.

Answer 22

distant compared to the point of attachment. The fingers are distal to the wrist.

Question 23

What is medial? Give an example.

Answer 23

towards the midline of the body. The nose is medial to the eyes.

Question 24

What is lateral? Give an example.

Answer 24

Away from the midline of the body. The ears are lateral to the hips.

Question 25

What is superficial? Give an example.

Answer 25

close to the surface of. The epidermis is superficial to the dermis.

Question 26

What is deep? Give an example.

Answer 26

towards the interior of. The bone is deep to the adipose tissue.

Question 27

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 27

divides body into left and right sections

Question 28

What is the frontal plane?

Answer 28

divides body into anterior and superior sections

Question 29

What is the transverse plane?

Answer 29

divides body into superior and inferior sections

Question 30

What is the oblique plane?

Answer 30

does not run parallel to the frontal or transverse planes

Question 31

What is the thoracic cavity?

Answer 31

top cavity, contains mediastinum, lungs, heart etc. Separated by diaphragm from the abdominal cavity.

Question 32

What is the abdominal cavity?

Answer 32

middle cavity of the body

Question 33

What is the pelvic cavity?

Answer 33

lower cavity of the body

Question 34

List the quadrants of the abdomen.

Answer 34

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

Question 35

List the regions of the abdomen.

Answer 35

top: right hypochondriac, epigastric region, left hypocondriac middle: right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar lower: right illac, hypogastric, left illac

Question 36

Is left and right from the point of view of the subject or person examining them?

Answer 36

point of view of the subject

Question 37

What are serous membranes?

Answer 37

line the cavities in the trunk of the body and cover the organs within these cavities

Question 38

What is the difference between the parietal layer and visceral layer?

Answer 38

PARIETAL layer lines the TRUNK CAVITY | VISCERAL layer lines the ORGANS

Question 39

What is serous fluid, where is it produced and what is its purpose?

Answer 39

produced by the membrane, it fills the cavity between the two layers and acts as a lubricant between the organ and body wall

Question 40

What is the pericardium? What fluid is found here?

Answer 40

Serous membrane of the heart. Pericardial fluid

Question 41

What is the pleura? What fluid is found here?

Answer 41

Serous membrane of the lungs and thoracic cavity. Pleural fluid

Question 42

What is the peritoneum? What fluid is found here?

Answer 42

Serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity. Periontial fluid

Question 43

What is the area that separates the left and right sides of the thoracic cavity called?

Answer 43

Mediastinum

Question 44

What does the mediastinum contain?

Answer 44

Esophagus, trachea, blood vessels, thymus, heart

Question 45

What are the three cavities of the body?

Answer 45

Thoracic, abdominal, pelvis

Question 46

What structures enclose each cavity and what organs are found in each of the abdominal and pelvic cavities?

Answer 46

Abdominal: enclosed anteriorly by abdominal muscles. Contains the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys Pelvic: enclosed by pelvis bones. Contains urinary bladder, parts of the large intestines and internal reproductive organs

Question 47

Cortex

Answer 47

Outer (peripheral) part of an organ

Question 48

Medulla

Answer 48

The inner (middle) part of an organ

Question 49

What is the difference between a major and minor homeostatic disturbances? Give an example for each.

Answer 49

Minor - can cause fluctuations but the body can counteract the changes to restore homeostasis, eg minor temp or BP changes Major - can be fatal, external intervention is required to restore homeostasis, eg large change in BP, severe bacterial infection