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zHuman Structure and Function > Week 1 - What is Life? > Flashcards

Week 1 - What is Life? Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy.

A

Investigates the STRUCTURE of body parts and how they relate to each other

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2
Q

Define physiology.

A

Study of the function of living things

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3
Q

What are the 4 levels of anatomy?

A

1) gross (macroscopic): structures examined without the aid of a microscope
a) systemic: body studied system by system
b) regional: body studied area by area
2) surface: external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures
3) microscopic: structures examined with the aid of a microscope
4) developmental: structural changes that occur in the body through the life span

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4
Q

What are some levels of physiology?

A

molecular, cellular, systemic, neurophysiology, renal, cardiovascular, pulmonary

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5
Q

What are the 6 levels of organisation in the human body?

A

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism

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6
Q

Give an example of chemical level.

A

atoms (C, H, O, N etc) which make up molecules (DNA, RNA, water, sugar)

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7
Q

Give an example of cellular level.

A

Molecules (RNA, DNA) which combine to form organelles (nucleus, mitochondria)

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8
Q

Give an example of tissue level.

A

Cells (smooth muscle cells) combining to form a tissue (smooth muscle tissue)

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9
Q

Give an example of organ level.

A

Tissues (smooth muscle tissue) to organs (urinary bladder)

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10
Q

Give an example of organ system level.

A

One or more organs (kidneys, ureters, bladder) to make up a system (urinary system)

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11
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of an organism? Elaborate on each

A

1) ORGANISATION: relationships amongst parts of an organism and how the parts interact to perform specific functions
2) METABOLISM: chemical reactions
3) RESPONSIVENESS: organism’s ability to sense changes in its environment and adjust to changes
4) GROWTH: increase in size/number of cells
5) DEVELOPMENT: changes an organism undergoes through time
6) REPRODUCTION: formation of new cells or new organisms

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12
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite changes to the outside environment.

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13
Q

What are some examples of homeostatic mechanisms?

A

sweating, shivering, uptake of glucose into cells

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14
Q

What is the anatomical position and why is it important?

A

Face forward, palms forward, arms hanging by their sides. It is important because it provides a point of reference

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15
Q

What is supine?

A

lying face up

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16
Q

What is prone?

A

lying face down

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17
Q

What is superior? Give an example.

A

towards the head. The head is superior to the neck

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18
Q

What is inferior? Give an example.

A

towards the hail. The pelvis is inferior to the diaphragm

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19
Q

What is anterior? Give an example.

A

towards the front. The nose is anterior to the ears

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20
Q

What is posterior? Give an example.

A

towards the back. The ankles are posterior to the toes

21
Q

What is proximal? Give an example.

A

nearest compared to the point of attachment. The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

22
Q

What is distal? Given an example.

A

distant compared to the point of attachment. The fingers are distal to the wrist.

23
Q

What is medial? Give an example.

A

towards the midline of the body. The nose is medial to the eyes.

24
Q

What is lateral? Give an example.

A

Away from the midline of the body. The ears are lateral to the hips.

25
Q

What is superficial? Give an example.

A

close to the surface of. The epidermis is superficial to the dermis.

26
Q

What is deep? Give an example.

A

towards the interior of. The bone is deep to the adipose tissue.

27
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

divides body into left and right sections

28
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

divides body into anterior and superior sections

29
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

divides body into superior and inferior sections

30
Q

What is the oblique plane?

A

does not run parallel to the frontal or transverse planes

31
Q

What is the thoracic cavity?

A

top cavity, contains mediastinum, lungs, heart etc. Separated by diaphragm from the abdominal cavity.

32
Q

What is the abdominal cavity?

A

middle cavity of the body

33
Q

What is the pelvic cavity?

A

lower cavity of the body

34
Q

List the quadrants of the abdomen.

A

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

35
Q

List the regions of the abdomen.

A

top: right hypochondriac, epigastric region, left hypocondriac
middle: right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
lower: right illac, hypogastric, left illac

36
Q

Is left and right from the point of view of the subject or person examining them?

A

point of view of the subject

37
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

line the cavities in the trunk of the body and cover the organs within these cavities

38
Q

What is the difference between the parietal layer and visceral layer?

A

PARIETAL layer lines the TRUNK CAVITY

VISCERAL layer lines the ORGANS

39
Q

What is serous fluid, where is it produced and what is its purpose?

A

produced by the membrane, it fills the cavity between the two layers and acts as a lubricant between the organ and body wall

40
Q

What is the pericardium? What fluid is found here?

A

Serous membrane of the heart. Pericardial fluid

41
Q

What is the pleura? What fluid is found here?

A

Serous membrane of the lungs and thoracic cavity. Pleural fluid

42
Q

What is the peritoneum? What fluid is found here?

A

Serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity. Periontial fluid

43
Q

What is the area that separates the left and right sides of the thoracic cavity called?

A

Mediastinum

44
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

Esophagus, trachea, blood vessels, thymus, heart

45
Q

What are the three cavities of the body?

A

Thoracic, abdominal, pelvis

46
Q

What structures enclose each cavity and what organs are found in each of the abdominal and pelvic cavities?

A

Abdominal: enclosed anteriorly by abdominal muscles. Contains the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys
Pelvic: enclosed by pelvis bones. Contains urinary bladder, parts of the large intestines and internal reproductive organs

47
Q

Cortex

A

Outer (peripheral) part of an organ

48
Q

Medulla

A

The inner (middle) part of an organ

49
Q

What is the difference between a major and minor homeostatic disturbances? Give an example for each.

A

Minor - can cause fluctuations but the body can counteract the changes to restore homeostasis, eg minor temp or BP changes
Major - can be fatal, external intervention is required to restore homeostasis, eg large change in BP, severe bacterial infection

zHuman Structure and Function (9 decks)

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