Week 6 - How do things get around the body? Flashcards
What are the roles of the cardiovascular system?
- transport fluid, nutrients, waste products, gas, hormones
- exchange materials between blood, cells and extracellular fluid
- immune response, blood pressure, body temperature
What are the two circulations of the heart?
pulmonary and systemic
What is the difference between the base and apex of the heart?
Base: flat part, superiorly located
Apex: blunt rounded section, inferiorly located
What are the four layers of the heart?
Fibrous pericardium: tough, fibrous outer layer, acs as an anchor
Serous pericardium: thin, transparent, inner layer, simple squamous
-parietal: lines fibrous outer layer
-visceral: covers heart surface
What are the three layers of tissue in the wall of the heart?
- epicardium: serous membrane, smooth outer surface
- myocardium: middle layer, cardiac muscle cells
- endocardium: smooth inner surface of heart chmabers
Pectinate muscles
muscular ridges in auricles in right atrial wall
Trabecular carnae
muscular ridges and columns on walls of ventricles
What are the four chambers of the heart?
-Atria-
Right: three openings to receive deoxygenated blood
Left: four openings that receive blood from pulmonary veings
-Ventricles-
Right: opens to pulmonary trunk
Left: opens to aorta
What is the purpose of valves?
one-way flow and increase pressure
How does blood get into the heart?
right atria: superior and inferior vena cava
left atria: left and right pulmonary veins
How does blood get out of the heart?
right ventricle: pulmonary trunk
left ventricle: aorta
What are the valves of the heart and where are they located?
- aortic semi-lunar valve: between aorta and right atria
- pumonary semilunar valve: between right ventricle and pulmonary vein
- tricuspid valve: between right atria and ventricle
- bicuspid valve: between left atria and ventricle
What are the main differences between arteries, capillaries and veins?
Arteries: elastic, muscular, arterioles, high pressure
Capillaries: site of exchange
Veins: thinner walls, less elastic tissue, valvles
What are the layers of blood vessels? (in order)
Tunica intima: endothelium + elastic Tunica media: smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around vessel, involuntary (vasoconstriction and vasodilation) Tunica externa (adventitia): connective tissue, dense
What are capillaries comprised of?
simple squamous epithelium with a basement membrane
What are the functions of blood?
- transport: gases, nutrients, wastes, processed molecules, hormones, enzymes
- pH reg
- osmosis
- body temp
- protction against foreign substances
- clot formation
What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?
Pulmonary: gas exchange in the lungs, right side
Systemic: capillary exchange in body cells, left side
What are the branches of the aorta?
ascending, aortic arch and descending
Cardiac cycle
repetitive contraction and relaxation
Systole
contraction
Diastole
relaxation
Formula for cardiac output
heart rate x stroke vol
Conducting system of the heart
- the heat can generate its’ own action potentials
- sinoatrial SA node = pace maker (generates action potential)
- atrioventricular AV node
- action potentials spread superiorly from the SA node inferiorly
lymphatic system
returns excess fluid that has escaped from capillaries back into venous circulation
Edema
What: swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in interstitial space
Causes: problems with capillaries, heart failure, kidney disease, liver problems, pregnancy, lymphatic system problems, high salt diet
