Week 6 - How do things get around the body?

Question 1

What are the roles of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

• transport fluid, nutrients, waste products, gas, hormones
• exchange materials between blood, cells and extracellular fluid
• immune response, blood pressure, body temperature

Question 2

What are the two circulations of the heart?

Answer 2

pulmonary and systemic

Question 3

What is the difference between the base and apex of the heart?

Answer 3

Base: flat part, superiorly located
Apex: blunt rounded section, inferiorly located

Question 4

What are the four layers of the heart?

Answer 4

Fibrous pericardium: tough, fibrous outer layer, acs as an anchor
Serous pericardium: thin, transparent, inner layer, simple squamous
-parietal: lines fibrous outer layer
-visceral: covers heart surface

Question 5

What are the three layers of tissue in the wall of the heart?

Answer 5

• epicardium: serous membrane, smooth outer surface
• myocardium: middle layer, cardiac muscle cells
• endocardium: smooth inner surface of heart chmabers

Question 6

Pectinate muscles

Answer 6

muscular ridges in auricles in right atrial wall

Question 7

Trabecular carnae

Answer 7

muscular ridges and columns on walls of ventricles

Question 8

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 8

-Atria-
Right: three openings to receive deoxygenated blood
Left: four openings that receive blood from pulmonary veings
-Ventricles-
Right: opens to pulmonary trunk
Left: opens to aorta

Question 9

What is the purpose of valves?

Answer 9

one-way flow and increase pressure

Question 10

How does blood get into the heart?

Answer 10

right atria: superior and inferior vena cava

left atria: left and right pulmonary veins

Question 11

How does blood get out of the heart?

Answer 11

right ventricle: pulmonary trunk

left ventricle: aorta

Question 12

What are the valves of the heart and where are they located?

Answer 12

• aortic semi-lunar valve: between aorta and right atria
• pumonary semilunar valve: between right ventricle and pulmonary vein
• tricuspid valve: between right atria and ventricle
• bicuspid valve: between left atria and ventricle

Question 13

What are the main differences between arteries, capillaries and veins?

Answer 13

Arteries: elastic, muscular, arterioles, high pressure
Capillaries: site of exchange
Veins: thinner walls, less elastic tissue, valvles

Question 14

What are the layers of blood vessels? (in order)

Answer 14

Tunica intima: endothelium + elastic
Tunica media: smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around vessel, involuntary (vasoconstriction and vasodilation)
Tunica externa (adventitia): connective tissue, dense

Question 15

What are capillaries comprised of?

Answer 15

simple squamous epithelium with a basement membrane

Question 16

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 16

• transport: gases, nutrients, wastes, processed molecules, hormones, enzymes
• pH reg
• osmosis
• body temp
• protction against foreign substances
• clot formation

Question 17

What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?

Answer 17

Pulmonary: gas exchange in the lungs, right side
Systemic: capillary exchange in body cells, left side

Question 18

What are the branches of the aorta?

Answer 18

ascending, aortic arch and descending

Question 19

Cardiac cycle

Answer 19

repetitive contraction and relaxation

Question 20

Systole

Answer 20

contraction

Question 21

Diastole

Answer 21

relaxation

Question 22

Formula for cardiac output

Answer 22

heart rate x stroke vol

Question 23

Conducting system of the heart

Answer 23

• the heat can generate its’ own action potentials
• sinoatrial SA node = pace maker (generates action potential)
• atrioventricular AV node
• action potentials spread superiorly from the SA node inferiorly

Question 24

lymphatic system

Answer 24

returns excess fluid that has escaped from capillaries back into venous circulation

Question 25

Edema

Answer 25

What: swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in interstitial space
Causes: problems with capillaries, heart failure, kidney disease, liver problems, pregnancy, lymphatic system problems, high salt diet