Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Week 9: Gastrointestinal Pathologies Part 1 > Flashcards

Week 9: Gastrointestinal Pathologies Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Tracheoesophageal Fistula

A
  • congenital or acquired communication between the trachea and esophagus
  • can be acquired from malignancy, infection, trauma
  • often lead to severe and fatal pulmonary complications (aspiration pneumonia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tracheoesophageal Fistula Radiographic Appearance

A

imaging with contrast media will show contrast outlining the areas with esophageal communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Esophageal Atresia Radiographic Appearance

A

imaging with contrast media will show the esophagus ending abruptly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Esophageal Atresia

A
  • failure of the esophagus to develop as a continuous passage, ending in blind pouch
  • often accompanied but a tracheoesophageal fistula
  • immediate surgery requires to repair esophagus and prevent starvation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A
  • broad term for any type of reflux of the stomach contents (including stomach acid) in to the esophagus
  • often seen with haital hernia
  • develops when the lower esophageal sphincter does not work properly
  • causes reflux esophagitis
  • produces superficial ulcerations
  • causes burning chest pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Radiographic Appearance

A
  • demonstrated by barium study of the esophagus, usually double contrast (barium and air/co2)
  • barium returns to esophagus from stomach
  • streaks or dots of barium of esophagus from erosions and ulcerations
  • can result in large, discrete, penetrating ulcers in the distal esophagus
  • the outer borders of the barium filled esophagus are not sharply seen; hazy in single contrast studies (barium or iodine only - use iodine if perforation suspected)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dysphagia

A
  • difficulty swallowing
  • usually due to malignancy in esophagus
  • radiographic appearance: structure abnormalities, masses, barium not getting swallowed as normal on barium swallow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Esophageal Carcinoma

A
  • most common site is the esophagogastric junction
  • progressive difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
  • strongly correlated to alcohol and smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Esophageal Carcinoma Radiographic Appearance

A
  • done with barium swallow
  • flat plaque-like lesions with central ulceration
  • irregularity in esophageal wall indicating mucosal destruction as cancer infiltrates
  • constriction as cancer encircles esophagus
  • increased thickness of lumen of the esophagus indicates early carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Zenker’s/Zenker Diverticulum

A
  • diverticulum: small, bulging pouches that can form in the lining of your digestive system
  • zenker: pharynx-esophagal punch that can trap food and liquid
  • posterior out pouching occurs because cricopharyngeal muscle (dividing throat from esophagus)does not work properly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Esophageal Varices

A
  • dilated veins in the walls of the esophagus most commonly due to portal hypertension
    -blood cannot use normal liver route, so rings other ways and increased blood flow through gastric and esophageal veins causes distention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Esophageal Varices Radiographic Appearance

A
  • double contrast barium swallow
  • serpiginous (wavy border) thickening of folds which are seen as round or oval filling defects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A
  • most common pathology seen on GI exams
  • acquired anatomical abnormality in which part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm and up into the chest/thoracic cavity
  • can cause stomach acid in esophagus and related esophagitis, ulcers
  • may be sliding (protrudes the returns to normal repeatedly)
  • may be negligible and asymptomatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hiatal Hernia Radiographic Appearance

A
  • demonstrated by S&D (stomach and duodenum)
  • can see part of stomach above sphincter (lower esophageal/gastroesophageal/cardiac sphincter)
  • large hiatal hernia may be demonstrated on CXR as soft tissue mass with air fluid level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia (Congenital)

A
  • term applied to a variety of birth defects that involve abnormal development of the diaphragm
  • malformation of the diaphragm allows the abdominal contents to protrude into the chest impeding proper lung development
  • radiographic appearance: can see some abdominal contents above the diaphragm (in thoracic cavity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia (Acquired)

A
  • in adults mostly associated with trauma
  • abdominal organs can prolapse into the thoracic cavity
  • radiographic appearance: can see some abdominal contents above the diaphragm (in thoracic cavity)
15
Q

Achalasia

A
  • functional obstruction of the distal section of the esophagus
  • proximal dilation caused by incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
  • radiographic appearance: barium study demonstration progressively dilated esophagus with narrowing at distal end
16
Q

Foreign Bodies

A
  • FB: aspirated, ingested or penetrated
  • In GI area = ingested (or penetrated)
  • Some radiopaque, some radiolucent
  • If ingested, FB may be anywhere along GI tract, or ends up in nasopharynx
  • Image from top of nasopharynx to anus in young children to include all GI tract (and chest)
  • May be done all in one image
  • Radiographic appearance: if radiopaque, can see item, if radiolucent, may have secondary signs (e.g., obstruction – filling defect on barium exam)
17
Q

Perforation of Esophagus

A
  • due to severe vomiting (most common cause), coughing, or sue to underlying conditions such as esophagitis, peptic ulcer, neoplasm, trauma, instrumentation
  • CT imaging preferred
18
Q

Perforation of Esophagus Radiographic Appearance

A
  • free air in mediastinum or periesophageal soft tissues
  • extravasation of contracts materials (use iodine, not barium, if suspected)
  • lucent line if intra mural dissection
19
Q

Situs Inversus

A
  • body organs (stomach in this case) may be on opposite sides from normal
  • normal variant
  • radiographic appearance:
    organs, etc. will be seen on opposite side from normal
  • mark images with left or right
20
Q

Pyloric Stenosis Radiographic Appearance

A
  • filling defect
  • delayed stomach emptying
  • mushroom sign
21
Q

Pyloric Stenosis

A
  • congenital abnormality
  • infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS)
  • occurs when two muscular layers of the pylorus become hyperplasticity and hypertrophic
  • thickened pyloric sphincter
  • projectile vomiting, food in unable to enter the duodenum
  • confirmed with ultrasound or S&D exam (stomach and duodenum)
22
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A
  • a group of inflammatory processes involving stomach and duodenum
  • peptic: pertains to digestion and acid
  • most common cause of acute upper GI bleeding
  • gastric ulcer and/or duodenal ulcer
  • due to stomach acid and pepsin enzyme eroding lining of stomach or duodenum
  • may be small shallow versions or large ulcers that can perforate wall, causing pneumoperitoneum with peritonitis
  • ulcers causes GI bleed
  • ulcers can cause gastric outlet obstruction
23
Q

Duodenal Ulcers

A
  • most common manifestation of peptic ulcer disease
  • most are in duodenal bulb
24
Q

Duodenal Ulcers Radiographic Appearance

A
  • seen on radiographic image as a collection of contrast medium in a crater projecting outwards from the duodenal lumen with lucent mucosal folds leading to it
  • thickened mucosal folds and bulb deformity
25
Q

Gastric Ulcers

A
  • 5% are malignant
  • usually occur in lesser curvature
26
Q

Gastric Ulcers Radiographic Appearance

A
  • seen on radiographic image as a collection of contrast medium protruding outside the stomach lumen
  • gastric erosions are very small ulcers that show only as dots of barium surrounded by a halo
27
Q

Stomach Cancer Radiographic Appearance

A

barium exam:
- may show narrowing and loss of elasticity (called linitis plastica pattern)
- may show as uneven stomach contours and/or small masses indenting the stomach
- may show as a polypoid mass containing irregularity and ulceration
CT: used for staging, treatment planning, response to therapy, assessing recurrence

27
Q

Carcinoma of the Stomach

A
  • stomach cancer/gastric cancer
  • most are adenocarcinomas (start in mucosa, innermost stomach layer)
  • can start any site in stomach, sally gastroesophageal junction
  • as with other cancer, can metastasize

Pathology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions