Week 1: Intro to Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Monoclonal origin

A

Cancers come from just one mutated cell

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2
Q

Pathology

A

The study of diseases that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various organ systems

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3
Q

Disease

A

The pattern of the body’s response to some form of injury that causes a deviation from or variation of normal conditions

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4
Q

Edema

A

Accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities

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5
Q

Localized Edema

A

Inflammatory reaction, or local obstruction of lymphatic drainage

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6
Q

Generalized Edema

A

Pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body (anasarca), from congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, or renal disease (usually seen independent parts of body (ankles, legs if ambulatory; lower back/sacral area, lungs if non-ambulatory

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7
Q

Ischemia

A

Interference with blood supply and depriving cells and tissues of oxygen. Narrowed arteries such as with atherosclerosis, thrombotic or embolic occlusion. May be minimal effect or death. Collateral arteries may develop to replace blocked ones

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8
Q

Infarction

A

Localized area of ischemic necrosis (dead tissue) within tissue or organ from occlusion of arterial supply or venous drainage, usually thrombotic or embolic occlusion (sometimes volvulus = twisting). Eg, myocardial or pulmonary infarct. May cause gangrene

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9
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Rupture of blood vessel, bleeding from trauma or other causes. May be external. May be internal bleeding; hematoma = pool of often clotted blood formed inside a tissue, organ or space (ex. hemothorax, hemopericardium, ,hemarthrosis)

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10
Q

Petechiae

A

very minimal hemorrhages into skin, mucousmembranes, serosal surfaces

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11
Q

Purpura

A

slightly larger hemorrhages

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12
Q

Ecchymosis

A

large 1-2 cm subcutaneous hemorrhage or bruise

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13
Q

Atrophy

A

Reduction in size and /or number of cells in an organ or tissue, with corresponding decrease in function.
May be situational (ex. due to a cast) or pathological due to innervation, hormones, decreased blood supply

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14
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Failure of normal development with subsequent small size

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15
Q

Aplasia

A

Failure of organ or tissues to develop or function normally, or absence of organ/tissue

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16
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in organ/tissue size due to an increase in cell size and demand of increased function. Usually occurs as a response to destruction of cells that cannot multiply and increase in size of those left in an attempt to fulfill function

17
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number of normal looking cells (under microscope)

18
Q

Dysplasia

A

Loss of cell uniformity and orientation (abnormal cell structure), pre-cancerous. May be mild, moderate or severs depending upon the level of cell abnormality

19
Q

Benign neoplasms

A

Closely resemble cells of origin in structure/function, differentiated, stay localized, do not generally metastasize
Can still cause death, depending upon location/type

20
Q

Neoplasia

A

New growth cancer/malignancy/neoplasm/tumour abnormal uncontrolled proliferation (reproduction) of cell & subsequent cells

21
Q

Malignant neoplasms

A

Neoplastic growth that invades and destroys adjacent structures. Poorly differentiated cells.
Can travel to distant sites (metastasize)
If not stopped, cause death

22
Q

Grading

A

Aggressiveness or degree of malignancy

23
Q

Staging

A

Extensiveness (present only at primary site or metastasized to secondary sites) Determines appropriate treatment

24
Q

Morbidity

A

Rate the illness/condition occurs or the condition of suffering from a disease

25
Q

Mortality

A

Statistical calculation of the expected death rate

26
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of determinants of a specific disease in a given population

27
Q

Seeding

A

Diffuse spread
Cancer invades a nearby body cavity
Eg, lung cancer enters pleural space

28
Q

Lymphatic spread

A

Especially for breast and lung cancer
Cancer enters lymph nodes and spreads by transport through the lymphatic system

29
Q

Hematogenous spread

A

through bloodstream
Cancer cells enter blood vessel
Travel to distant sites
Invade vessel walls and infiltrate into surrounding tissue where they multiply
Often on vascular pathway
Eg, GI cancer may metastasize to liver due to portal vein flow to liver

30
Q

Additive (Increased Attenuation) Conditions

A

These diseases/conditions cause increased tissue thickness, density, atomic number, atomic packing density. Show up lighter on an x-ray image due to more x-ray absorption. Increase technique (amount of radiation required for imaging).

31
Q

Destructive(Decreased Attenuation) Conditions

A

These diseases/conditions cause decreased tissue thickness, density, atomic number, atomic packing density. Show up darker on an x-ray image due to less x-ray absorption. Decrease technique (amount of radiation required for imaging)

32
Q

Inflammation

A

Initial response of body tissue to local injury (caused by blunt to penetrating trauma, infectious organisms and irritating chemical substances)

33
Q

Hematoma

A

An accumulation of blood inside body tissues, often clotted