Week 2: Fractures Flashcards
Complete Fracture
a fracture that results
in discontinuity
between two or more
fracture fragments
Bone broken all the
way through
Incomplete Fracture
when a bone cracks
and bends but does
not completely
break through the
entirety of the bone;
the bone does not
break into separate
fragments
Closed Fractures/Simple Fractures
any fracture
where the overlying skin is intact. Bone ends do not penetrate
through overlying soft tissues
or skin. Can also be referred to as a ‘simple’ fracture
Compound Fracture/Open Fracture
any fracture where the over
lying skin is disrupted; fragment(s) of bone protrude
through the skin. Also known as an ‘open’ fracture. This type of fracture exposes the wound to
possible infection
Transverse Fracture
a complete fracture that is
perpendicular (90 degrees) to
the long axis (shaft) of the
bone
Cause: direct blow or is a
fracture within pathological
bone
Oblique Fracture
a fracture that runs a
course of
approximately 45
degrees to the long
axis of the bone
Cause: angulation
or by both
angulation and
compression forces
Spiral Fracture
a fracture
that encircles the bone
shaft; usually longer than
an oblique fracture
Caused by torsional forces:
the twisting of a bodily
organ or part on its own
axis
Avulsion Fracture
small bone fragments torn off bony prominences at sites of a muscle origin. They are usually the result of indirectly applied tension forces within attached ligaments and tendons rather than direct blows
Example: tip of distal fibula or base of the 5th metatarsal
Seen best on oblique foot projection
Comminuted Fracture
fracture composed of more
than two fracture fragments
Segmental Fracture
segment of shaft
separated from the
rest of the bone by
proximal and distal
fracture lines
Butterfly Fragment
elongated triangular
bone fragment
Compression Fracture
a fracture caused from
compression forces that result in compaction of bone trabeculae
The bone decreases in length or width
Most compression fractures occur in the vertebral bodies (wedge #) as a result of flexion of the spine; they may also be seen as impacted fractures of the humeral or femoral heads
Common causes: trauma, osteoporosis and
pathological fractures from cancer, Paget’s
disease or osteomyelitis
Depressed Fracture
a fracture commonly
found in the cranial bone with depression of the bone toward the brain
Often star shaped (stellate) with
fracture lines radiating outwards from central point
Tangential views can be done to show the amount of depression
Greenstick Fracture
an incomplete
fracture with the opposite cortex intact
Greenstick fractures are found
almost exclusively in infants and
children due to the softness of their cancellous bone
Stress/Fatigue Fracture
Result of repeated small
stresses/pressures on a bone Occurs in lower limbs, often
feet
Torus (buckle) Fracture
one cortex intact,
but buckling or
compaction of other
cortex (side)
Bowing Fracture
Not actually a break/#
Stress bends bone
and deforms shape
but does not #
Long bones, especially
radius & ulna
If stress continues, becomes greestick
Fissure Fracture
break but does
not pass through
bone
Undisplaced Fracture
a fracture that
is broken into two or more pieces but bone fragments remain in normal alignment