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Pathology > Week 2: Fractures > Flashcards

Week 2: Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

Complete Fracture

A

A fracture that results in discontinuity between two or more fracture fragments, bone broken all the
way through

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2
Q

Incomplete Fracture

A

When a bone cracks and bends but does not completely break through the entirety of the bone;
the bone does not break into separate fragments

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3
Q

Closed Fractures/Simple Fractures

A

Any fracture where the overlying skin is intact. Bone ends do not penetrate through overlying soft tissues
or skin. Can also be referred to as a ‘simple’ fracture

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4
Q

Compound Fracture/Open Fracture

A

Any fracture where the over lying skin is disrupted; fragment(s) of bone protrude through the skin. Also known as an ‘open’ fracture. This type of fracture exposes the wound to possible infection

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5
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

A complete fracture that is perpendicular (90 degrees) to the long axis (shaft) of the bone
Cause: direct blow or is a
fracture within pathological
bone

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6
Q

Oblique Fracture

A

A fracture that runs a course of approximately 45 degrees to the long axis of the bone
Cause: angulation or by both angulation and compression forces

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7
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

A fracture that encircles the bone
shaft; usually longer than an oblique fracture
Caused by torsional forces: the twisting of a bodily organ or part on its own axis

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8
Q

Avulsion Fracture

A

Small bone fragments torn off bony prominences at sites of a muscle origin. They are usually the result of indirectly applied tension forces within attached ligaments and tendons rather than direct blows
Example: tip of distal fibula or base of the 5th metatarsal
Seen best on oblique foot projection

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9
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

Fracture composed of more than two fracture fragments

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10
Q

Segmental Fracture

A

Segment of shaft separated from the rest of the bone by proximal and distal fracture lines

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11
Q

Butterfly Fragment

A

Elongated triangular bone fragment

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12
Q

Compression Fracture

A

A fracture caused from compression forces that result in compaction of bone trabeculae
The bone decreases in length or width
Most compression fractures occur in the vertebral bodies (wedge #) as a result of flexion of the spine; they may also be seen as impacted fractures of the humeral or femoral heads
Common causes: trauma, osteoporosis and
pathological fractures from cancer, Paget’s
disease or osteomyelitis

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13
Q

Depressed Fracture

A

A fracture commonly found in the cranial bone with depression of the bone toward the brain
Often star shaped (stellate) with
fracture lines radiating outwards from central point
Tangential views can be done to show the amount of depression

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14
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

An incomplete fracture with the opposite cortex intact
Greenstick fractures are found almost exclusively in infants and children due to the softness of their cancellous bone

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14
Q

Stress/Fatigue Fracture

A

Result of repeated small
stresses/pressures on a bone Occurs in lower limbs, often feet

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15
Q

Torus (buckle) Fracture

A

One cortex intact, but buckling or compaction of other
cortex (side)

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16
Q

Bowing Fracture

A

Not actually a break/fracture
Stress bends bone and deforms shape but does not fracture
Long bones, especially radius & ulna
If stress continues, becomes greestick

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17
Q

Fissure Fracture

A

Break but does not pass through bone

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18
Q

Undisplaced Fracture

A

A fracture that is broken into two or more pieces but bone fragments remain in normal alignment

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19
Q

Longitudinal Fracture

A

A fracture that is parallel to the long axis of the bone and may cause displacement of bone fragments
Cause: impact and repetitive stress injuries
Usually referring to long bones, but can refer to the
skull, specifically temporal bone fracture

20
Q

Displaced Fracture

A

A break in which the two ends of a fractured bone are separated and out of their normal position
(alignment)

21
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

A fracture in which fragments from the SAME bone are pushed together; one fragment is driven into the other fragment from the same fractured bone

22
Q

Dislocation

A

Bone out of joint
Bone is no longer in contact with normal articulation
Shoulder is the most commonly dislocated joint
Usually anterior dislocation
From external rotation and abduction
May cause fracture

23
Q

Subluxation

A

Bone partially out of joint
Partial loss of continuity with joint surfaces
Often spine, shoulder, kneecap, elbow

24
Q

March Fracture (Stress/Fatigue Fracture)

A

Recurrent stress such as standing for long periods of time, walking and running long distances, and heavy or unaccustomed exercise
Hairline fracture of the distal third (shaft) of a metatarsal bone, usually, the 2nd or 3rd metatarsal bones of the foot r calcaneus, tibia/fibula shaft, femur
shaft/neck, ischial/pubic rami
Often missed on initial radiographs and visualized on follow up images 10-20 days later
(callus formation visible)

25
Q

Colles Fracture

A

A transverse fracture of the distal radius with posterior (dorsal) displacement of distal fragment
Fragment often over-rides bone end. Often has avulsion fracture of ulnar styloid process also
Most common wrist fracture
Most common cause: FOOSH

26
Q

Bennet’s Fracture

A

Fracture of the base of the 1st metacarpal bone which extends into the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint

27
Q

Bimalleolar Fracture

A

Includes both malleoli, a transverse fracture of the medial malleolus and a low oblique or spiral fracture of the distal fibula

27
Q

Smith’s Fracture

A

A fracture of the distal radius with anterior displacement of distal fragment
Sometimes referred to as a “reverse Colles
fracture”
Causes: A fall onto a flexed wrist, a direct blow to the back of the wrist

28
Q

Boxer’s Fracture

A

A transverse fracture of the neck of the 5th metacarpal with volar (palmar) angulation of the distal fragment

29
Q

Trimalleolar Fracture

A

A three-part fracture of the ankle involving the medial malleolus, the lateral malleolus, and the posterior aspect of the tibial plafond (posterior malleolus)

30
Q

Tibial plafond

A

Sometimes called pilot fracture. Fracture of the weight bearing articular surface of the distal tibia. At ankle, usually comminuted (broken into three or more pieces), often affects both tibia and fibula.

31
Q

Salter- Harris Fracture

A

A fracture involving the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) of a pediatric bone

32
Q

Intertrochanteric Fracture

A

A proximal hip fracture between the greater and lesser trochanters of the femur. Cause: trauma and falls.
Treatment: surgical intervention is used to treat trochanteric fractures by Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) using various internal fixation

33
Q

Monteggia Fracture

A

An isolated fracture of the shaft of the ulna associated with anterior dislocation of the radius at the elbow These fractures are common in pediatric patients (ages 4-10 years) Cause: FOOSH injury Most forearm fractures involve both bones Always include both joints to check for other fractures/dislocation!

34
Q

Supracondylar fracture

A

A fracture of the distal humerus above the epicondyles
Rare in adults but very common in pediatric patients
Cause: FOOSH; hyper-extension of the elbow

34
Q

Galeazzi Fractures

A

Are characterized by a fracture of the distal radius with dislocation of the ulna at the wrist
Most common in pediatric patients, can affect the
growth plate on the ulna.
Cause: FOOSH
Most forearm fractures involve both bones
Always include both joints to check for other fractures/dislocation!

35
Q

Jones Fracture

A

One of most common foot injuries
Can occur stepping off curb or on
stairs
Transverse fracture of the base of
the fifth metatarsal = type of avulsion fracture
Sometimes confused with apophysis of child

36
Q

Jefferson Fracture

A

Fracture to C1 vertebrae (atlas) of neck, occurs to the ring of the atlas. Fracture to (one or) both anterior and posterior arches with fragment displacement

37
Q

Burst Fracture

A

A comminuted fracture of the body of a vertebra
where the vertebral body is crushed in all directions
From large axial load
More severe than a simple compression fracture
because of danger to spinal cord from bone fragments

38
Q

Hangmans Fracture

A

The result of acute hyperextension of the head. Fracture of the arch of C2, anterior to the inferior facet. Usually associated with anterior subluxation of C2 on C3. Is an injury from hanging, but most often seen in MVC now

39
Q

Clay Shovelers Fracture

A

Avulsion fracture of spinous process of lower cervical or
upper thoracic vertebra. Displacement of fragment. Seen on image as double shadow/double spinous process sign. Can be missed if area not seen well on imaging

40
Q

Linear Fracture

A

A fracture that extends parallel to the long axis of a bone but does not displace the bone tissue
Linear fractures are commonly found in the skull
Sharp lucent line that is often irregular or jagged
Diastatic fracture = intersects suture and courses along it, causing sutural to separate

40
Q

Odontoid Fracture

A

Fracture to odontoid (dens/peg) of C2 vertebra of neck. Usually transverse and at base of the odontoid. This is why we do the open mouth c-spine x-ray image
Shows as lucency within dens

41
Q

Basilar Skull Fracture

A

Fracture of base of skull
Trauma
Suggestive finding for fracture may be air-fluid level in the sphenoid sinus seen on lateral projection of skull using horizontal central ray

42
Q

Contrecoup Fracture

A

An injury or fracture on the opposite side from where the injury occurred

43
Q

Blow Out Fracture

A

A fracture of the floor of the orbit caused by an increase in intra-orbital pressure due to traumatic blow. Orbital contents may herniate into maxillary sinus

44
Q

Tripod Fracture

A

Fracture of the zygomatic arch and the orbital floor or rim combined with separation of the zygomatico-frontal suture

45
Q

Le Fort Fracture

A

Bilateral and horizontal fracture of the maxilla
Pterygoid plates must be fractured
Effectively separates the midface from the skull

Pathology (14 decks)

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