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Human Physiology > Week 9 - CV System: Blood & Lymph > Flashcards

Week 9 - CV System: Blood & Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is what type of tissue?

A

Connective

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2
Q

What is blood composed of?

A

Plasma, dissolved substances, formed elements

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3
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transportation - O2, CO2, metabolic waste, nutrients, heat, hormones
Regulation - pH through buffers, body temperature, water content of cells
Protection - disease, loss of blood

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4
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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5
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Percentage of total blood occupied by RBCs

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6
Q

What type of stem cell gives rise to RBCs, WBCs, platelets?

A

Myeloid stem cells

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7
Q

What type of stem cell gives rise to lymphocytes?

A

Lymphoid stem cells

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8
Q

What is hemopoeisis?

A

The process by which formed elements of blood develop

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9
Q

What is erythropoeitin?

A

Hormone that stimulates RBC production by increasing # of RBC precursors

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10
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

The fluid that bathes body cells

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11
Q

What is anemia?

A

A significant drop in hematocrit

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12
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

An abnormally high percentage of RBCs

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13
Q

The process by which WBCs leave the bloodstream is known as _________.

A

emigration

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14
Q

RBCs lack _________ and generate ATP _________. Consequently, they do not use the ________ they are transporting

A

mitochondria
anaerobically
oxygen

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15
Q

Macrophages in the ____ and ______ remove dead RBCs through _______.

A

Liver
Spleen
phagocytosis

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16
Q

List the different types of White Blood Cells and specify whether they are granular/agranular

A 
Neutrophils - granular
Lymphocytes - agranular
Monocytes - agranular
Eosinophils - granular
Basophils - granular
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17
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

An increase in WBCs due to stress, such as microbes, strenuous exercise, surgery

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18
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

A decrease in WBCs due to radiation, shock or chemotherapy

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19
Q

Phagocytes are attracted to inflamed tissues through a process called _______.

A

chemotaxis

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20
Q

High Neutrophil count can be attributed to _____

A

Bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation

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21
Q

High Lymphocyte count can be attributed to ______.

A

Viral infection, leukemia

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22
Q

High Monocyte count can be attributed to _________.

A

Viral or fungal infection, chronic diseases

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23
Q

High Eosinophil count can be attributed to _____

A

allergic reaction, parasites, autoimmune disorder

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24
Q

High Basophil count can be attributed to_______

A

allergic reaction, cancers, hyperthyroidism

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25
Q

Thrombosis is _______

A

clotting in an unbroken blood vessel

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26
Q

Thrombus is ______

A

the clot itself

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27
Q

Embolus is ________

A

clot, air bubble, fat particle, debris transported by bloodstream

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28
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Disease producing microbes such as bacteria and viruses

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29
Q

Define resistance.

A

the ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses

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30
Q

Define susceptibility

A

lack of resistance or vulnerability

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31
Q

What are the two types of resistance? How do they differ?

A 
Nonspecific resistance provides immediate, but general protection against invaders
Specific resistance (immunity) develops in response to contact with a particular invader, occurs more slowly than nonspecific resistance and involves activation of specific lymphocytes
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32
Q

List components of lymphatic & immune system.

A

Lymph fluid
Lymphatic vessels
Red bone marrow
Various structures containing lympthatic tissue

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33
Q

What is the function of B cells in immune response?

A

B cells produce antibodies that recognize foreign cells

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34
Q

What is the function of T cells in immune response?

A

T cells destroy the intruders

35
Q

List functions of the lymphatic & immune system

A
  • Drain excess interstitial fluid
  • Transport dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins
  • Carry out immune response
36
Q

In the skin, lymphatic vessels generally follow ________ while lymphatic vessels of the viscera follow _________

A

veins

arteries

37
Q

__________ tissues lack lymphatic capillaries

A

Avascular

38
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that carry dietary lipids

39
Q

Lymph passes from lymph trunks into what two main channels?

A

thoracic duct

right lymphatic duct

40
Q

The left lymphatic duct receives lymph from _______

A

head, neck, chest, left upper limb, and the entire body inferior to the ribs

41
Q

The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from _________

A

the upper right side of the body

42
Q

The lymphatic ducts drain into the ________

A

subclavian veins

43
Q

Many components of blood plasma freely flow through the capillaries to form _________

A

interstitial fluid

44
Q

Excess interstitial fluid drains into ______

A

lymphatic capillaries

45
Q

List the sequence of fluid flow from the blood capillaries to the lymphatic system

A

blood capillaries > interstitial spaces > lymphatic capillaries > lymphatic vessels > lymphatic ducts > subclavian veins

46
Q

The respiratory pump returns lymph via what mechanism?

A

descending/elevating of the lungs/diaphragm

47
Q

What are primary lymphatic organs?

A

sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent (red bone marrow, thymus)

48
Q

What are secondary lymphatic organs?

A

sites where most immune responses occur (lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules

49
Q

Pre-t cells migrate from the bone marrow to the ________ and mature into T cells here

A

Thymus

50
Q

The outer cortex of lymph nodes contains _____

A

aggregates of B cells

51
Q

The inner cortex of lymph nodes contains ________

A

primarily T cells

52
Q

The medulla of lymph nodes contains _________

A

B cells, antibody producing plasma cells and macrophages

53
Q

Metastasis is ___________

A

the spread of disease from one part of the body to another

54
Q

The __________ is the single largest mass of lymphatic tissue

A

Spleen

55
Q

___________ is more likely to occur due to loss of the filtering and phagocytosis of the spleen

A

Sepsis (blood infection)

56
Q

Immunocompetence is ________

A

the ability to carry out immune responses

57
Q

The first line of nonspecific resistance is ________

A

skin and mucous membranes

58
Q

The second line of nonspecific resistance is __________

A

internal defenses - antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells and phagocytes, inflammation, fever

59
Q

The average male has a higher blood volume than the average female because __________

A

higher levels of testosterone in men stimulate muscle mass, which requires more blood supply

60
Q

Plasma proteins are created in _______. What are the primary plasma proteins and their respective functions?

A

the LV
albumin - maintain blood osmotic pressure
globulin - form antigen-antibody complexes
fibrinogen - for clotting

61
Q

________ differentiate into either myeloid or lymphoid stem cells

A

Pluripotent stem cells

62
Q

Reticulocytes are ________. High reticulocyte count may indicate ________

A

Immature RBCs with intact nucleus and organelles

Recent blood loss or successful iron therapy

63
Q

Hemoglobin transports NO and SNO helping to regulate _____. What are their functions?

A

blood pressure
NO is released in LU to cause vasoconstriction
SNO is picked up in LU to cause vasodilation

64
Q

Hemoglobin is recycled in _________
Globin portion is broken down into ________
Heme portion is split into __________

A

macrophages of LV or spleen
amino acids and recycled
iron (Fe+3) and biliverdin

65
Q

When the heme portion of hemoglobin is recycled, iron is transported in blood attached to _______ and stored in _______

A

transferrin protein

LV, muscle, SP, bone marrow

66
Q

When the heme portion of hemoglobin is recycled, biliverdin is converted into _______ which is secreted by ______ into _____

A

bilirubin
LV
bile

67
Q

__% of total WBC population is in circulating blood at any given time. The rest is in _________

A

2%

lymphatic fluid, skin, lungs, lymph nodes, SP

68
Q

Eosinophils release histaminase which ________

A

slows down inflammation caused by basophils

69
Q

List types of lymphocytes and their respective functions

A

B cells - destroy bacteria and their toxins, turn into plasms cells that produce antibodies
T cells - attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells, & some bacteria
Natural killer cells - attack many different microbes & some tumor cells, destroy foreign invaders by direct attack

70
Q

List methods of hemostasis

A
  • vascular spasm
  • platelet plug formation
  • blood clotting
71
Q

Cell mediated immunity is carried out by _____

Antibody mediated immunity is carried out by ______

A

T cells

B cells

72
Q

List antimicrobial proteins

A

interferons
complement proteins
transferrins

73
Q

The first stage of healing is ________

A

inflammation

74
Q

Required characteristics to be considered an antigen are ________

A

immunogenicity - ability to provoke immune response

reactivity - ability to react to cells or antibodies it caused to be formed

75
Q

The small part of the antigen that triggers the immune response is ________

A

epitope

76
Q

Hapten is ___________

A

a smaller substance that cannot trigger an immune response unless attached to body protein

77
Q

List types of mature T cells

A

Helper T Cells
Cytotoxic T cells
memory T cells

78
Q

B cells once activated differentiate into ______

A

plasma cells that secrete antibodies

79
Q

List the different classes of constant region of antibody structure

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

80
Q

In an healthy individual, the most commonly present WBC in the body would be _______

A

Neutrophils

81
Q

Lymphocytes are derived from _____ cells

A

lymphoid stem cells

82
Q

List characteristics of non-specific resistance

A
  • present at birth
  • work against all potential invaders
  • provide immediate protection
83
Q

The majority of hematopoiesis occurs in what structure(s)?

A

skull, spine, pelvis, ribs

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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