Week 9 - CV System: Blood & Lymph Flashcards
Blood is what type of tissue?
Connective
What is blood composed of?
Plasma, dissolved substances, formed elements
What are the functions of blood?
Transportation - O2, CO2, metabolic waste, nutrients, heat, hormones
Regulation - pH through buffers, body temperature, water content of cells
Protection - disease, loss of blood
What are the formed elements of blood?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
What is hematocrit?
Percentage of total blood occupied by RBCs
What type of stem cell gives rise to RBCs, WBCs, platelets?
Myeloid stem cells
What type of stem cell gives rise to lymphocytes?
Lymphoid stem cells
What is hemopoeisis?
The process by which formed elements of blood develop
What is erythropoeitin?
Hormone that stimulates RBC production by increasing # of RBC precursors
What is interstitial fluid?
The fluid that bathes body cells
What is anemia?
A significant drop in hematocrit
What is polycythemia?
An abnormally high percentage of RBCs
The process by which WBCs leave the bloodstream is known as _________.
emigration
RBCs lack _________ and generate ATP _________. Consequently, they do not use the ________ they are transporting
mitochondria
anaerobically
oxygen
Macrophages in the ____ and ______ remove dead RBCs through _______.
Liver
Spleen
phagocytosis
List the different types of White Blood Cells and specify whether they are granular/agranular
Neutrophils - granular Lymphocytes - agranular Monocytes - agranular Eosinophils - granular Basophils - granular
What is leukocytosis?
An increase in WBCs due to stress, such as microbes, strenuous exercise, surgery
What is leukopenia?
A decrease in WBCs due to radiation, shock or chemotherapy
Phagocytes are attracted to inflamed tissues through a process called _______.
chemotaxis
High Neutrophil count can be attributed to _____
Bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation
High Lymphocyte count can be attributed to ______.
Viral infection, leukemia
High Monocyte count can be attributed to _________.
Viral or fungal infection, chronic diseases
High Eosinophil count can be attributed to _____
allergic reaction, parasites, autoimmune disorder
High Basophil count can be attributed to_______
allergic reaction, cancers, hyperthyroidism
Thrombosis is _______
clotting in an unbroken blood vessel
Thrombus is ______
the clot itself
Embolus is ________
clot, air bubble, fat particle, debris transported by bloodstream
What are pathogens?
Disease producing microbes such as bacteria and viruses
Define resistance.
the ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses
Define susceptibility
lack of resistance or vulnerability
What are the two types of resistance? How do they differ?
Nonspecific resistance provides immediate, but general protection against invaders Specific resistance (immunity) develops in response to contact with a particular invader, occurs more slowly than nonspecific resistance and involves activation of specific lymphocytes
List components of lymphatic & immune system.
Lymph fluid
Lymphatic vessels
Red bone marrow
Various structures containing lympthatic tissue
What is the function of B cells in immune response?
B cells produce antibodies that recognize foreign cells
What is the function of T cells in immune response?
T cells destroy the intruders
List functions of the lymphatic & immune system
- Drain excess interstitial fluid
- Transport dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins
- Carry out immune response
In the skin, lymphatic vessels generally follow ________ while lymphatic vessels of the viscera follow _________
veins
arteries
__________ tissues lack lymphatic capillaries
Avascular
What are lacteals?
Specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that carry dietary lipids
Lymph passes from lymph trunks into what two main channels?
thoracic duct
right lymphatic duct
The left lymphatic duct receives lymph from _______
head, neck, chest, left upper limb, and the entire body inferior to the ribs
The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from _________
the upper right side of the body
The lymphatic ducts drain into the ________
subclavian veins
Many components of blood plasma freely flow through the capillaries to form _________
interstitial fluid
Excess interstitial fluid drains into ______
lymphatic capillaries
List the sequence of fluid flow from the blood capillaries to the lymphatic system
blood capillaries > interstitial spaces > lymphatic capillaries > lymphatic vessels > lymphatic ducts > subclavian veins
The respiratory pump returns lymph via what mechanism?
descending/elevating of the lungs/diaphragm
What are primary lymphatic organs?
sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent (red bone marrow, thymus)
What are secondary lymphatic organs?
sites where most immune responses occur (lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules
Pre-t cells migrate from the bone marrow to the ________ and mature into T cells here
Thymus
The outer cortex of lymph nodes contains _____
aggregates of B cells
The inner cortex of lymph nodes contains ________
primarily T cells
The medulla of lymph nodes contains _________
B cells, antibody producing plasma cells and macrophages
Metastasis is ___________
the spread of disease from one part of the body to another
The __________ is the single largest mass of lymphatic tissue
Spleen
___________ is more likely to occur due to loss of the filtering and phagocytosis of the spleen
Sepsis (blood infection)
Immunocompetence is ________
the ability to carry out immune responses
The first line of nonspecific resistance is ________
skin and mucous membranes
The second line of nonspecific resistance is __________
internal defenses - antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells and phagocytes, inflammation, fever
The average male has a higher blood volume than the average female because __________
higher levels of testosterone in men stimulate muscle mass, which requires more blood supply
Plasma proteins are created in _______. What are the primary plasma proteins and their respective functions?
the LV
albumin - maintain blood osmotic pressure
globulin - form antigen-antibody complexes
fibrinogen - for clotting
________ differentiate into either myeloid or lymphoid stem cells
Pluripotent stem cells
Reticulocytes are ________. High reticulocyte count may indicate ________
Immature RBCs with intact nucleus and organelles
Recent blood loss or successful iron therapy
Hemoglobin transports NO and SNO helping to regulate _____. What are their functions?
blood pressure
NO is released in LU to cause vasoconstriction
SNO is picked up in LU to cause vasodilation
Hemoglobin is recycled in _________
Globin portion is broken down into ________
Heme portion is split into __________
macrophages of LV or spleen
amino acids and recycled
iron (Fe+3) and biliverdin
When the heme portion of hemoglobin is recycled, iron is transported in blood attached to _______ and stored in _______
transferrin protein
LV, muscle, SP, bone marrow
When the heme portion of hemoglobin is recycled, biliverdin is converted into _______ which is secreted by ______ into _____
bilirubin
LV
bile
__% of total WBC population is in circulating blood at any given time. The rest is in _________
2%
lymphatic fluid, skin, lungs, lymph nodes, SP
Eosinophils release histaminase which ________
slows down inflammation caused by basophils
List types of lymphocytes and their respective functions
B cells - destroy bacteria and their toxins, turn into plasms cells that produce antibodies
T cells - attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells, & some bacteria
Natural killer cells - attack many different microbes & some tumor cells, destroy foreign invaders by direct attack
List methods of hemostasis
- vascular spasm
- platelet plug formation
- blood clotting
Cell mediated immunity is carried out by _____
Antibody mediated immunity is carried out by ______
T cells
B cells
List antimicrobial proteins
interferons
complement proteins
transferrins
The first stage of healing is ________
inflammation
Required characteristics to be considered an antigen are ________
immunogenicity - ability to provoke immune response
reactivity - ability to react to cells or antibodies it caused to be formed
The small part of the antigen that triggers the immune response is ________
epitope
Hapten is ___________
a smaller substance that cannot trigger an immune response unless attached to body protein
List types of mature T cells
Helper T Cells
Cytotoxic T cells
memory T cells
B cells once activated differentiate into ______
plasma cells that secrete antibodies
List the different classes of constant region of antibody structure
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
In an healthy individual, the most commonly present WBC in the body would be _______
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes are derived from _____ cells
lymphoid stem cells
List characteristics of non-specific resistance
- present at birth
- work against all potential invaders
- provide immediate protection
The majority of hematopoiesis occurs in what structure(s)?
skull, spine, pelvis, ribs
