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Human Physiology > Week 6 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Week 6 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

List functions of Kidneys

A 
Excrete waste in urine
Regulate blood volume
Regulate blood composition
Regulate blood pH, osmolarity & glucose 
Regulate blood pressure
Release erythropoietin
Participate in Vitamin D synthesis (calcitriol)
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2
Q

How do the KD regulate blood volume?

A

conserve / eliminate water

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3
Q

How do the KD regulate blood pressure?

A

secrete renin

adjust renal resistance

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4
Q

The KD is located __________ and is protected by ______ ribs and by layers of ______ and ________

A

above the waist between peritoneum & posterior wall of abdomen
11th & 12th
adipose tissue
fascia

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5
Q

Describe the path of urine drainage in the KD

A 
Papillary duct in renal pyramid
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
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6
Q

The KD receives ___% of resting cardiac output via renal arteries

A

25%

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7
Q

Sympathetic vasomotor nerves regulate blood flow and ______ by altering _______

A

renal resistance

arterioles

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8
Q

In the KD nephron, __________are formed between the afferent & efferent arterioles. Efferent arterioles give rise to _______ and ______

A

glomerular capillaries
peritubular capillaries
vasa recta

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9
Q

Glomerular filtration is where ________ occurs
Peritubular capillaries function to ________
Vasa recta supplies _________

A

filtration of blood
carry away reabsorbed susbtances from filtrate
nutrients to renal medulla w/o disrupting its osmolarity

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10
Q

KD has over ______ nephrons composed of a _______ and ______

A

1 million
corpuscle
tubule

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11
Q

80-85% of nephrons are _____ nephrons. The remaining 15-20% are _______ nephrons.

A

cortical

juxtamedullary

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12
Q

In Juxtamedullary nephrons, the renal corpuscles are located ________ and long loops of Henle extend into ________ enabling _________ of dilute or concentrated urine.

A

close to medulla
deepest medulla
excretion

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13
Q

The Juxtamedullary nephron is the structure where ______ makes contact w/ ________ of loop of Henle. The ______ is the thickest part of the ascending limb. Juxtaglomerular cells are modified _______ in arteriole.

A

afferent arteriole
ascending limb
macula densa
muscle cells

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14
Q

T/F - the number of nephrons remains constant from birth

A

T

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15
Q

Dysfunction of KD nephrons is not evident until function declines by ________

A

25% of normal

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16
Q

Nephrons and collecting ducts perform 3 basic processes. List them

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

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17
Q

Rate of excretion in renal physiology is defined as ________

A

rate of filtration + rate of secretion - rate of reabsorption

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18
Q

Glomerular filtrate is produced by _________

Filtering capacity is enhanced by _________

A

blood pressure

thinness of membrane, large surface area of glomerular capillaries, glomerular BP

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19
Q

Glomerular blood pressure is high due to ______

A

small size of efferent arteriole

20
Q

List the layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerular capillaries and what each layer filters

A

endothelial cells - cells and platelets
basal lamina - large plasma proteins
slit membrane - medium-sized proteins

21
Q

In glomerular filtration the net filtration pressure is defined as _________

A

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure - capsular hydrostatic pressure - blood colloid osmotic pressure

22
Q

The average adult male forms glomerular filtrate at a rate of ________

A

125mL/min

23
Q

Glomerular filtration functions normally with mean arterial pressures of _______

A

80-180mmHg

24
Q

What mechanisms autoregulate glomerular filtration rate?

A

myogenic mechanism - smooth muscle adjusts diameter of afferent arteriole
tubuloglomerular feedback - macula densa releases vasoconstrictor from juxtaglomerular apparatus to constrict afferent arteriole

25
Q

How is glomerular filtration rate regulated hormonally?

A

ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide relaxes glomerular mesangial cells increasing capillary surface area and increasing GFR

Angiotensin II reduces GFR - vasoconstricts afferent and efferent arterioles

26
Q

With respect to neural regulation of glomerular filtration rate, blood vessels of the KD are supplied by _______ nerve fibers that cause _____ of _____ arterioles

A

sympathetic
vasoconstriction
afferent

27
Q

At rest, renal blood vessels are maximally dilated because ______ activity is minimal and renal ________ prevails

A

sympathetic

autoregulation

28
Q

How does extreme sympathetic stimulation change GFR?

A

vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles lowers urine output and permits blood flow to other tissues

29
Q

KD nephron must reabsorb ____ of glomerular filtrate. Most tubular reabsorption occurs mostly in _______

A

99%

proximal convoluted tubules

30
Q

Describe the routes of tubular reabsorption in KD nephrons

A

paracellular reabsorption - diffusion

transcellular reabsorption - move through membranes of tubule cell via active transport

31
Q

What materials are reabsorbed in the first half of the proximal convoluted tubule via Na+ symporters?

A

glucose, amino-acids, lactic acid, water soluble vitamins

32
Q

How is bicarbonate ion reabsorbed into blood?

A

Na+ antiporters reabsorbs Na+ and secrete H+ into tubular fluid. For each H+ secreted one filtered bicarbonate ion returns to blood via facilitated diffusion

33
Q

Electrochemical gradients produced by ______ and ______ causes passive reabsorption of solutes such as ________

A

symporters
antiporters
Cl-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+

34
Q

Thick limb of the loop of Henle has _____ symporters that reabsorb these ions

A

Na+, K+, Cl-

35
Q

Distal convoluted tubule is major site where ______ hormone stimulates reabsorption of ____. It is also where _____ are reabsorbed via symporters

A

parathyroid
Ca2+
Na+, Cl-

36
Q

By end of distal convoluted tubule, ___ of solutes and water have been reabsorbed and returned to bloodstream

A

95%

37
Q

In the principal cells in late distal tubule and collecting duct: _____ is reabsorbed into blood and _____ is secreted into urine

A

water, Na+, urea

K+

38
Q

Tubular fluid leaving the collecting duct is dilute when ADH level is _____ and concentrated with ADH level is _____

A

low

high

39
Q

Aldosterone increases _______ reabsorption and _____ secretion by principal cells by stimulating _________

A

Na+, water
K+
the synthesis of new pumps and channels

40
Q

Intercalated cells reabsorb ____ and secrete _____

A

K+, bicarbonate ions

H+

41
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide suppresses secretion of ______ and increases secretion of _____ which increases ____ and decreases blood volume.

A

aldosterone, ADH

Na+

urine output

42
Q

ADH stimulates the insertion of _______ into membrane of principal cells which increases ______

A

aquaporin-2 channels

water permeability

43
Q

Urea recycling causes a buildup of urea in ______

A

the renal medulla

44
Q

Caffeine inhibits ____ reabsorption

Alcohol inhibits secretion of _____

A

Na+

ADH

45
Q

Which stage of urine formation involves 99% of the filtrate moving back into the blood?

A

Reabsorption

46
Q

Excess H+ ions are deposited into the urine during which stage of urine formation?

A

Secretion

47
Q

List the actions of Antidiuretic hormone

A
  • decrease urine output
  • decrease perspiration
  • raise blood pressure by vasoconstriction

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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