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Human Physiology > Week 7 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Week 7 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Define digestion

A

the process of breaking down food into molecules that are small enough to enter the body cells

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2
Q

Define absorption

A

the passage of molecules (from digested food) through the plasma membrane of cells lining the stomach and intestines into the blood and lymph

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3
Q

Define ingestion

A

the process of taking food/liquids into the mouth

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4
Q

Define defecation

A

the elimination of substances not absorbed after digestion through the anus

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5
Q

Define feces

A

the eliminated material in defecation

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6
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum?

A

the membrane that lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

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7
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

The membrane that lines some of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

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8
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

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9
Q

What is ascites?

A

distention in the peritoneal cavity caused by fluid accumulation

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10
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

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11
Q

What is mastication?

A

chewing

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12
Q

Define bolus

A

a soft, flexible mass of food that is easily swallowed

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13
Q

Define peristalsis.

A

a progression of coordinated contractions and relaxations that pushes the food bolus down the esophagus toward the stomach

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14
Q

What is chyme?

A

a soupy liquid mixture of saliva, food and gastric juice formed in the stomach

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15
Q

What is emesis?

A

vomiting

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16
Q

List the components of the digestive system in sequential order (of digestion)

A 
Mouth (oral cavity) - teeth, tongue
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Gall Bladder
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Appendix
cecum
Ascending colon 
Transverse colon
Descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anus
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17
Q

What are the three classes of digestive enzymes?

A

Protease, lipase, amylase

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18
Q

What substances in the digestive system are absorbed into the capillaries and which are absorbed into lacteals?

A

Capillaries - Water-soluble substances, B vitamins, vitamin C, amino acids, mono/disacharrides
Lacteals - fatty acids, triglycerides, vitamins A,D,E,K

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19
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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20
Q

Gastroenterology deals with the ________

A

structure, function, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ST and Intestines

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21
Q

Proctology deals with the ________

A

diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the rectum and anus

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22
Q

Accessory digestive organs include the ________

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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23
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

24
Q

Which layer of the GI tract contains capillaries and lacteals to receive absorbed molecules?

A

Mucosa

25
Q

The storehouse for fat in the abdomen is the _______

A

greater omentum

26
Q

Chemical digestion in the mouth is carried out by ________

A

amylase

lingual lipase

27
Q

Cerebral cortex signals the salivatory nuclei of which nerves in the brainstem? To what division of the autonomic nervous system do these nerves belong?

A

CN VII
CN IX
Parasympathetic

28
Q

GERD stands for ________. It occurs because ______

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

lower esophageal sphincter fails to close

29
Q

In the stomach, ____ converts pepsinogen from chief cell to pepsin. Intrinsic factor is secreted by _____ and has the function of ______

A

HCl
parietal cells
absorption of vitamin B12 for RBC production

30
Q

Deglutition is facilitated by ______ and _______

A

mucus

saliva

31
Q

Describe sequence of deglutition

A

bolus is pushed into oropharynx
sensory nerves send signals to deglutition center in brainstem
soft palate is lifted to close nasopharynx
larynx is lifted as epiglottis is bent to cover glottis

32
Q

List cells found in ST mucosa and what each secretes

A

mucous surface/neck cell - mucus
parietal cell - HCl, instrinsic factor
chief (zymogenic) cell - pepsinogen, gastric lipase
enteroendocrine cell (G cell) - secretes gastrin

33
Q

List the phases of gastric secretion and motility

A

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

34
Q

Describe the cephalic phase of gastric secretion & motility

A 
cerebral cortex stimulates parasympathetic nervous system (sight, smell, taste & thought of food)
Vagus nerve (CN X) increases ST muscle and glandular activity
35
Q

Describe the gastric phase of gastric secretion & motility

A

stretch receptors detect distention of ST and chemoreceptors detect presence of gastric juice - increase gastric juice secretion, gastric peristalsis

36
Q

Describe the intestinal phase of gastric secretion & motility

A

stretch receptors detect distention of duodenum and chemoreceptors detect fatty acids and glucose in duodenum - slows ST activity and increases intestinal activity

sympathetic nerves slow ST activity
secretin decreases ST secretions
cholecystokinin (CCK) descreases ST emptying
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) decreases ST secretions, motility & emptying

37
Q

What nutrients are absorbed in the ST?

A

electrolytes
cold water
some drugs and alcohol

38
Q

Approximately 1% of pancreas is composed of _____ which contain ___ cells that secrete _____ and ___ cells that secrete _______

A 
islets of Langerhans
Alpha
glucagon
beta
insulin
39
Q

The primary function of the pancreas is to secrete ________ such as _______

A

digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate

pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, proteases, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease

40
Q

The blood supply to the LV includes _________

A

oxygenated blood from hepatic artery

nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from hepatic portal vein

41
Q

List steps involved in regulation of bile secretion

A

CN X stimulates bile production in LV
fatty acids & amino acids in chyme entering duodenum stimulates secretion of CCK into blood
acidic chyme entering duodenum stimulates secretion of secretin in blood
CCK causes contraction of GB
Secretin enhances flow of bicarbonate rich bile from LV

42
Q

List the functions of the LV

A

carbohydrate metabolism
lipid metabolism
protein metabolism
detoxify blood
remove bilirubin from blood
release bile salts for emulsification in digestion
stores fat soluble vitamins - A, B12, D, E, K
stores iron, copper
phagocytizes old blood cells and bacteria
activates vitamin D

43
Q

What are the main digestive hormones?

A

Gastrin
Gastric inhibitory peptide
Secretin
Cholecystokinin

44
Q

In the small intestine, digestive enzymes are found at _________. These enzymes are called ______ and they digest _________.

A

cells surface on microvilli
brush-border enzymes
triglycerides, disaccharides

45
Q

List the cells of intestinal glands and their respective functions

A

absorptive cell - digests & absorbs nutrients
goblet cell - secretes mucus
enteroendocrine cell - secretin, CCK, GIP
paneth cell - secretes lysozyme, phagocytosis

46
Q

_______ is the type of mechanical digestion seen in the small intestine and it is characterized by _______

A

segmentation

local mixing of chyme w/ intestinal juices, sloshing back and forth

47
Q

What parts of the digestive system are involved in carbohydrate digestion?

A

mouth - salivary amylase
duodenum - pancreatic amylase
small intestine - brush border enzymes

48
Q

What parts of the digestive system are involved in protein digestion?

A

ST - HCl denatures proteins, pepsin turns proteins into peptides

Pancreas - digestive enzymes
Small Intestine - brush border enzymes

49
Q

What parts of the digestive system are involved in lipid digestion?

A

mouth - lingual lipase
stomach - gastric lipase
small intestine - emulsification by bile, pancreatic lipase

50
Q

What parts of the digestive system are involved in nucleic acid digestion?

A

pancreas - nucleases

small intestine - brush border enzymes

51
Q

What is the gastrocolic reflex?

A

When ST fills, a strong peristaltic wave moves contents of transverse colon into rectum

52
Q

What is the gastroilial reflex?

A

When ST is full, gastrin hormone relaxes ileocecal sphincter so small intestine will empty and make room

53
Q

Bacteria in the colon produce ______

A

vitamin K, vitamin B

54
Q

In the small intestine, long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed into the epithelial cells of villus via ________, packaged into ________and then transported to ______

A

simple diffusion
triglycerides, chylomicrons
lacteal of villus

55
Q

During swallowing, the nasal cavity is closed off by the soft palate and the ______

A

Uvula

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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