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Human Physiology > Week 4 - Vessels & Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Week 4 - Vessels & Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Identify structural differences between arteries and veins

A

Arteries have thick elastic muscular walls
Veins have thin non-elastic walls
Veins contain valves to prevent back-flow

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2
Q

Identify structural differences & similarities between veins and lymphatic vessels

A

Lymphatic vessels are lined with smooth muscle
Lymphatic vessels interconnect with lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels contain valves to prevent back-flow

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3
Q

Identify structural differences between elastic arteries and muscular arteries

A

elastic arteries contain elastic fibers in the tunica media layer
muscular arteries contain smooth muscle tissue in the tunica media layer to allow for vasoconstriction

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4
Q

Arterioles are small ____ deliverying ____ to ______

The tunica media of arterioles contains _____

A

arteries
blood
capillaries
a few layers of muscle

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5
Q

Metarterioles form branches into ______

To bypass capillary bed, _____ close and blood flows _____

A

capillary bed
precapillary sphincters
out of bed into thoroughfare channel

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6
Q

Vasomotion is intermittent ________ that allows _______at a rate of _____

A

intermittent contraction and relaxation of sphincters
filling of capillary bed
5-10 times / minute

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7
Q

Continuous capillaries are found in what tissue(s)?

A

skeletal/smooth muscle, connective tissue, LU

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8
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are found in what tissues(s)?

A

KD, SI, choroid plexuses, ciliary process, endocrine glands

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9
Q

Sinusoid capillaries are found in what tissue(s)?

A

LV, bone marrow, SP, anterior pituitary, parathyroid gland

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10
Q

Capillaries are lacking in what tissue(s)?

A

epithelia, cornea and lens of eye, cartilage

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11
Q

The function of capillaries is _______

A

exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and tissue fluid

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12
Q

Describe the structure of a capillary

A

single layer of simple squamous epithelium and its basement membrane

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13
Q

What are the types of capillary exchange?

A

diffusion
transcytosis
bulk flow

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14
Q

Describe bulk flow

A

filtration and reabsorption

movement of large amount of dissolved or suspended material in same direction

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15
Q

Bulk flow is more important for regulation of ______

A

relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid

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16
Q

Filtration is movement of material into _________ and is promoted by ______

A

interstitial fluid

blood hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

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17
Q

Reabsorption is movement from ________ into ________ and is promoted by _______

A

interstitial fluid
capillaries
blood colloid osmotic pressure and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

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18
Q

Net filtration pressure is defined as _______

A

(BHP + IFOP) - (BCOP + IFHP)

19
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is formed by ______ proteins, namely _______

A

plasma

albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

20
Q

Net filtration pressure in arterial end of capillary is generally ____ while in the venous end it is generally ______

A

10mmHg

-9mmHg

21
Q

As a result of net filtration pressure about ___% of filtered fluid is returned to the capillary. Escaping fluid and plasma proteins are collected by ______

A

85%

lymphatic capillaries

22
Q

Edema is _______ and can be a result of _________

A

abnormal increase in interstitial fluid if filtration exceed reabsorption

excess filtration, inadequate reabsorption

23
Q

Excess filtration can be caused by _________

A

increased BP

increased permeability of capillaries allows plasma proteins to escape

24
Q

Inadequate reabsorption can be caused by _________

A

decreased concentration of plasma proteins lowers blood colloid osmotic pressure (LV malfunction, burns, malnutrition, KD disease)

25
Q

What factors affect circulation?

A
  • pressure differences that drive blood flow (blood velocity, blood volume, BP)
  • resistance to flow (afterload)
  • venous return
26
Q

How are speed of blood flow and cross-sectional area related? Blood flow becomes _____ when vessels merge to form veins.

A

inversely related

faster

27
Q

Cardiac output is influenced by ______

A

blood pressure

resistance due to friction between blood cells and blood vessel walls

28
Q

Systemic vascular resistance is determined by _______

A

average blood vessel radius
blood viscosity
total blood vessel length

29
Q

There are ____ miles of blood vessels for every pound of fat. HBP can therefore be caused by ______

A

200

obesity

30
Q

Arterioles control BP by changing _______

A

diameter

31
Q

Venous return is _______. Describe the pumps that facilitate venous return?

A

volume of blood flowing back to HT from systemic veins

skeletal muscle pump - contraction of muscles & presence of valves
respiratory pump - decreased thoracic pressure and increased abdominal pressure during inhalation, moves blood into thoracic veins and the right atrium

32
Q

Inputs to the cardiovascular center include _______

A

higher brain centers - cerebral cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus
proprioceptors
baroreceptors
chemoreceptors - acidity, CO2, O2

33
Q

Describe the baroreceptor reflexes

A

carotid sinus reflex - swellings in internal carotid artery wall, CN IX to cardiovascular center in medulla, maintains normal BP in brain
aortic reflex - receptors in wall of ascending aorta, CN X to cardiovascular center in medulla, maintains general systemic BP

34
Q

Which hormone causes vasoconstriction? Where is it produced?

A

ADH

hypothalamus

35
Q

What is the hormonal response to a decrease in BP or decreased blood flow to KD?

A

release of renin -> formation of angiotensin II, systemic vasoconstriction, causes release of aldosterone (H2O + Na+ reabsorption)

36
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide lowers BP by ______

A

causing vasodilation and loss of salt and water in the urine

37
Q

The _____ nerve speeds up the heart rate via _____ stimulation. The _____ nerve slows down heart rate via ______ stimulation

A

cardiac accelerator
sympathetic
vagus (CN X)
parasympathetic

38
Q

Describe the functions of chemoreceptor reflexes of carotid bodies and aortic bodies

A
  • detect changes in blood chemistry (O2, CO2, H+)
  • causes stimulation of CV center
  • increases sympathetic stimulation to arterioles & veins
  • vasoconstriction and increase in blood pressure
39
Q

___% of blood in the body is out of circulation. What can push this blood back into circulation?

A

60%

epinephrine, norepinephrine

40
Q

To regulate blood pressure locally, vasoactive substances such as ______ are released from cell to alter vessel _____

A

K+, H+, lactic acid, nitric oxide

diameter

41
Q

______ vessels dilate in response to low levels of O2

______ vessels constrict in response to low levels of O2

A

systemic

pulmonary

42
Q

Shock is _______

A

failure of cardiovascular system to deliver enough O2 and nutrients

43
Q

What mechanisms attempt to return cardiac output & BP to normal in response to shock?

A

activation of renin-angiotension-aldosterone
secretion of ADH
activation of sympathetic nervous system
release of local vasodilators

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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