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Human Physiology > Week 8 - Reproductive System > Flashcards

Week 8 - Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Define spermatocyte

A

the male gamete (haploid cell) that unites with the female gamete in fertilization

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2
Q

Define oocyte

A

the female gamete (haploid cell) that unites with the male gamete in fertilization

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3
Q

Define gonads

A

the reproductive organs the produce gametes and secrete sex hormones

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4
Q

List the components of the male reproductive system

A

testes, scrotum, cremaster muscle, dartos muscle, seminiferous tubule, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, penis

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5
Q

What muscles elevate the testes?

A

cremaster and dartos muscle

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6
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules?

A

location inside the testes where sperm are produced

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7
Q

In males, the urethra is the shared terminal duct of the ___________

A

reproductive and urinary systems

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8
Q

List components of the female reproductive system

A 
ovaries
fimbriae
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
mammary glands
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9
Q

Describe function of the ovaries

A

produce secondary oocytes and hormones

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10
Q

Describe function of uterine tubes

A

transport oocyte to uterus and normally are the sites where fertilization occurs

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11
Q

Describe function of uterus

A

site of implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor

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12
Q

Meiosis I results in ___ cells with ____ number of chromosomes

A

2

haploid

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13
Q

Each of the daughter cells produced in meiosis I divides during meiosis II and the net result is __ genetically unique ____ cells or gametes

A

4

haploid

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14
Q

Seminiferous tubules contain all stages of ________

A

all stages of sperm development: spematogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa

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15
Q

Leydig cells in between ________ secrete ______

A

seminiferous tubules

testosterone

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16
Q

The function of sertoli cells is __________

A
  • form blood-testis barrier
  • support developing sperm cells
  • produce fluid & control release of sperm into lumen
  • secrete inhibin which slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH
17
Q

In spermatogenesis, spermatogonium give rise to 2 daughter cells by _____. One daughter cell remains as _____ and the other becomes ________.

A

mitosis
precursor stem cell
primary spermatocyte

18
Q

The end product of spermatogenesis is ______

A

4 unique haploid spermatids

19
Q

Spermiogenesis is ________

Spermiation is _______

A

maturation of spermatid into sperm cells

release of sperm cell from a sertoli cell

20
Q

Describe the morphology of a sperm cell

A

head - contains DNA and acrosome
midpiece - contains mitochondria
tail - flagellum used for locomotion

21
Q

In males: Leutenizing hormone stimulates __________

FSH stimulates __________

A

Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

spermatogenesis

22
Q

Glands involved in semen production include _______

A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland

23
Q

The layers of the uterus are _________

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

24
Q

Uterine arteries branch as arcuate arteries and radial arteries that supply the _______.
Spiral arteries supply the _______ of the endometrium. Their constriction due to _______ starts ____ cycle

A

myometrium
stratum functionalis
hormonal changes
menstrual

25
Q

______ secreted by the hypothalamus controls female reproductive cycle. It stimulates _____ to secrete LH and FSH

A

GnRH

anterior pituitary

26
Q

In a female, FSH functions to ________ while LH stimulates _________

A

initiate growth of follicles that secrete estrogen

ovulation & promotes formation of corpus luteum which secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin

27
Q

What happens in the ovary and uterus during the menstrual phase of female reproductive cycle?

A

ovary - 20 follicles that began to develop 6 days before are now beginning to secrete estrogen; fluid is filling the antrum from granulosa cells
uterus - declining levels of progesterone caused spiral arteries to contrict; stratum functionalis layer is sloughed off

28
Q

What happens in the ovary and uterus during the preovulatory phase of female reproductive cycle?

A

ovary - follicular secretion of estrogen & inhibin has slowed the secretion of FSH; dominant follicles survives to day 6; by day 14, graafian follicle has enlarged & bulges at surface; increasing estrogen levels trigger the secretion of LH
uterus - increasing estrogen levels have repaired & thickened the stratum functionalis

29
Q

What happens during process of ovulation?

A

rupture of follicle & release of 2nd oocyte on day 14

corpus hemorrhagicum results

30
Q

What happens in the ovary and uterus during the post-ovulatory phase of female reproductive cycle?

A

ovary - if fertilization did not occur, corpus albicans is formed, otherwise developing embryo secretes human chorionic gonadtropin
uterus - hormones from corpus luteum promote thickening of endometrium; if no fertilization occurs, menstrual phase will begin

31
Q

In females, estrogen and inhibin function to suppress _______

A

FSH secretion

32
Q

The hormone that controls the female reproductive cycle is _____, which is synthesized in _______

A

GnRH

Hypothalamus

33
Q

When does secondary oocyte formation takes place in females?

A

During puberty

34
Q

_____ is the hormone that inhibits contractions of uterine smooth muscle and relaxes pubic symphysis during labor

A

Relaxin

35
Q

How does the concentration of estrogen in circulation affect LH secretion?

A

low levels of estrogen inhibit LH secretion (negative feedback)
increased estrogen level stimulates LH secretion (positive feedback)

36
Q

How does the concentration of estrogen in circulation affect FSH secretion?

A

low levels of estrogen suppress FSH secretion

37
Q

The corpus luteum secretes ________

A

estrogen, inhibin, progesterone

38
Q

The function of progesterone in luteal phase of menstrual cycle is __________

A
  • inhibit GnRH secretion
  • stimulate endometrial growth
  • decrease contractility of the uterine smooth muscle
39
Q

The function of estrogen in females is ________

A
  • stimulate bone and muscle growth
  • stimulate endometrial growth
  • maintain secondary female characteristics
  • maintain mammary glands

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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