Week 8 - Reproductive System Flashcards
Define spermatocyte
the male gamete (haploid cell) that unites with the female gamete in fertilization
Define oocyte
the female gamete (haploid cell) that unites with the male gamete in fertilization
Define gonads
the reproductive organs the produce gametes and secrete sex hormones
List the components of the male reproductive system
testes, scrotum, cremaster muscle, dartos muscle, seminiferous tubule, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, penis
What muscles elevate the testes?
cremaster and dartos muscle
What are the seminiferous tubules?
location inside the testes where sperm are produced
In males, the urethra is the shared terminal duct of the ___________
reproductive and urinary systems
List components of the female reproductive system
ovaries fimbriae uterine tubes uterus vagina mammary glands
Describe function of the ovaries
produce secondary oocytes and hormones
Describe function of uterine tubes
transport oocyte to uterus and normally are the sites where fertilization occurs
Describe function of uterus
site of implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor
Meiosis I results in ___ cells with ____ number of chromosomes
2
haploid
Each of the daughter cells produced in meiosis I divides during meiosis II and the net result is __ genetically unique ____ cells or gametes
4
haploid
Seminiferous tubules contain all stages of ________
all stages of sperm development: spematogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa
Leydig cells in between ________ secrete ______
seminiferous tubules
testosterone
The function of sertoli cells is __________
- form blood-testis barrier
- support developing sperm cells
- produce fluid & control release of sperm into lumen
- secrete inhibin which slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH
In spermatogenesis, spermatogonium give rise to 2 daughter cells by _____. One daughter cell remains as _____ and the other becomes ________.
mitosis
precursor stem cell
primary spermatocyte
The end product of spermatogenesis is ______
4 unique haploid spermatids
Spermiogenesis is ________
Spermiation is _______
maturation of spermatid into sperm cells
release of sperm cell from a sertoli cell
Describe the morphology of a sperm cell
head - contains DNA and acrosome
midpiece - contains mitochondria
tail - flagellum used for locomotion
In males: Leutenizing hormone stimulates __________
FSH stimulates __________
Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
spermatogenesis
Glands involved in semen production include _______
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland
The layers of the uterus are _________
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
Uterine arteries branch as arcuate arteries and radial arteries that supply the _______.
Spiral arteries supply the _______ of the endometrium. Their constriction due to _______ starts ____ cycle
myometrium
stratum functionalis
hormonal changes
menstrual
______ secreted by the hypothalamus controls female reproductive cycle. It stimulates _____ to secrete LH and FSH
GnRH
anterior pituitary
In a female, FSH functions to ________ while LH stimulates _________
initiate growth of follicles that secrete estrogen
ovulation & promotes formation of corpus luteum which secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin
What happens in the ovary and uterus during the menstrual phase of female reproductive cycle?
ovary - 20 follicles that began to develop 6 days before are now beginning to secrete estrogen; fluid is filling the antrum from granulosa cells
uterus - declining levels of progesterone caused spiral arteries to contrict; stratum functionalis layer is sloughed off
What happens in the ovary and uterus during the preovulatory phase of female reproductive cycle?
ovary - follicular secretion of estrogen & inhibin has slowed the secretion of FSH; dominant follicles survives to day 6; by day 14, graafian follicle has enlarged & bulges at surface; increasing estrogen levels trigger the secretion of LH
uterus - increasing estrogen levels have repaired & thickened the stratum functionalis
What happens during process of ovulation?
rupture of follicle & release of 2nd oocyte on day 14
corpus hemorrhagicum results
What happens in the ovary and uterus during the post-ovulatory phase of female reproductive cycle?
ovary - if fertilization did not occur, corpus albicans is formed, otherwise developing embryo secretes human chorionic gonadtropin
uterus - hormones from corpus luteum promote thickening of endometrium; if no fertilization occurs, menstrual phase will begin
In females, estrogen and inhibin function to suppress _______
FSH secretion
The hormone that controls the female reproductive cycle is _____, which is synthesized in _______
GnRH
Hypothalamus
When does secondary oocyte formation takes place in females?
During puberty
_____ is the hormone that inhibits contractions of uterine smooth muscle and relaxes pubic symphysis during labor
Relaxin
How does the concentration of estrogen in circulation affect LH secretion?
low levels of estrogen inhibit LH secretion (negative feedback)
increased estrogen level stimulates LH secretion (positive feedback)
How does the concentration of estrogen in circulation affect FSH secretion?
low levels of estrogen suppress FSH secretion
The corpus luteum secretes ________
estrogen, inhibin, progesterone
The function of progesterone in luteal phase of menstrual cycle is __________
- inhibit GnRH secretion
- stimulate endometrial growth
- decrease contractility of the uterine smooth muscle
The function of estrogen in females is ________
- stimulate bone and muscle growth
- stimulate endometrial growth
- maintain secondary female characteristics
- maintain mammary glands
