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personality and individual differences > Week 9 Biological Approach > Flashcards

Week 9 Biological Approach Flashcards

1
Q

Few psychologists today would deny that __________ is at least partly the result of inherited biological differences

A

Personality

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2
Q

The growing acceptance of a biological influence on personality is partly a reflection of the declining influence of ___________

A

behaviourism

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3
Q

Eysenck employed _____ analysis to identify the basic number of what he called types or supertraits

A

factor

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4
Q

Eysenck employed factor analysis to identify the basic number of what he called types or _______

A

supertraits

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5
Q

__________-__________; ___________; and ___________ are the three overarching personality dimensions of Eysenck’s Theory

A

Extraversion-Introversion; Neuroticism; Psychotisism

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6
Q

The basic structure for the Eysenck hierarchy is the specific ______ _____ (specific behaviours)

A

response level

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7
Q

The second level for the Eysenck hierarchy is _______ Response

A

Habitual

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8
Q

The third level for the Eysenck hierarchy is the ____ Level

A

Trait

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9
Q

The last level for the Eysenck hierarchy is called the _______ level

A

supertrait

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10
Q

What are the four levels of Eysenck’s Hierarchy?

A

The Basic Response Level; The Habitual Level; The Trait Level; the Supertrait Level

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11
Q

People who score high in emotions could be high in what personality dimension according to Eysenck?

A

Neuroticism

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12
Q

People who are egocentric, aggressive, and impersonal might score high on which personality dimension?

A

Psychoticism

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13
Q

Eysenck originally proposed that extraverts and introverts had different levels of _____ ______ arousal

A

cerebral cortex

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14
Q

____verts are more sensitive to stimulation than ____verts

A

Intro; extra

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15
Q

According to Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, each human brain has a Behavioural _______ System (BAS) , and a Behavioural _______ System (BIS)

A

Approach; Inhibition

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16
Q

People with a highly active (BAS/BIS) are intensely motivated to seek out and achieve pleasurable goals?

A

BAS

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17
Q

People with highly active (BAS/BIS) tend to be more apprehensive than others?

A

BIS

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18
Q

People with high BIS or BAS are more likely to experience anxiety?

A

BIS

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19
Q

Most researchers see a connection between the (BAS/BIS) and extraversion and a connection between the (BAS/BIS) and neuroticism

A

BAS; BIS

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20
Q

________ are general patterns of behaviour and mood that can be expressed in many different ways and that, depending of ones experience, develop into different personality traits

A

Temperaments

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21
Q

Is it hard to classify temperaments?

A

Yes,

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22
Q

What are the three basic temperament dimensions?

A

Emotionality; Activity; Sociability

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23
Q

(Activity; Emotionality; Sociability) refers to intensity of emotional reactions?

A

Emotionality

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24
Q

(Activity; Emotionality; Sociability) refers to a persons general level of energy

A

Activity

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25
Q

(Activity; Emotionality; Sociability) relates to a general tendency to affiliate and interact with others

A

Sociability

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26
Q

What temperament type would likely to have a quick temper?

A

Emotionality

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27
Q

Adult personalities are influenced by inherited temperaments and the _________

A

environment

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28
Q

(Inhibited/Uninhibited) children are controlled and gentle

A

inhibited

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29
Q

(Inhibited/Uninhibited) are uncontrolled and non-gentle

A

uninhibited

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30
Q

(Inhibited/Uninhibited) children are more vulnerable to anxiety to novelty?

A

Inhibited

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31
Q

Negative evaluation by other people is a common source of ________

A

anxiety

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32
Q

According to ________ theory, physical features evolve because they help the species survive the challenges of the environment and reproduce new members of the species

A

evolution

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33
Q

One of the primary causes of anxiety is social _________

A

exclusion

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34
Q

_____ child; ______ child; and _____ to _____ up child are the three basic temperament dimensions of elementary school aged children

A

Easy; Difficult; Slow to warm up child

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35
Q

Electroencephalographs or _____ are used to measure electrical activity in different parts of the brain

A

EEG’s

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36
Q

what type of EEG wave is particularly useful for the measurement of emotion and personality?

A

Alpha waves

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37
Q

The right hemisphere is associated with (positivity/Negativism); while the left hemisphere is associated with ?

A

Negativism;positivity

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38
Q

The _____-_____ question is one of the most enduring issues in psychology

A

Nature-Nurture

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39
Q

For ______ Reasons, it is not possible to manipulate people’s genes and observe who they become

A

Ethical

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40
Q

The similarity of ______ and Children is an obvious source of inherited personality

A

Parents

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41
Q

The most popular procedure for separating the role of genetics from the role of environment is the ___-____ Method

A

Twin-Study

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42
Q

Because of the racial tension, psychologists have been working on a “_____-____” intelligence test

A

“culture-free”

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43
Q

Considering the biological approach, should monozygotic or dyzygotic twins be more similar in personality?

A

Monozygotic

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44
Q

The genetic influence of some personality traits may not be seen unless a unique combination of more than one gene is inherited is called the __________ effect

A

Nonadditive

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45
Q

_______ has one of the strongest genetic components of any personality variable studied

A

Extraversion

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46
Q

____verted students are more sensitive to stimulation

____verts are understimulated

A

Intro; Extra

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47
Q

Are extroverts of introverts found to be more happy?

A

Extraverts

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48
Q

According to Evolutionary psychologists, male and females search for a mate to _______, and this is partly based on concerns for parental investment

A

reproduce

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49
Q

From the evolutionary perspective, Men serve best by ________ as frequently as possible

A

Reproducing

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50
Q

Men prefer partners that are _______ and physically attractive

A

younger

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51
Q

________ Selection: the competition among members of one gender for mating access to the best members of the other gender

A

Intrasexual

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52
Q

Does psychoticism have a polar opposite?

A

No

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53
Q

Major general ideas to the biological perspective

  1. That many personality characteristics are ___________ determined
  2. That human behaviour produced is by a complex biological system (eg. Hormones, NT’s)
  3. That our behavioural tendencies and to some extent our personality derive from our evolutionary history
A

genetically; biological

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54
Q

Major general ideas to the ________ perspective

  1. That many personality characteristics are genetically determined
  2. That human behaviour produced is by a complex biological system (eg. Hormones, NT’s)
  3. That our behavioural tendencies and to some extent our personality derive from our ___________ history
A

biological ; evolutionary

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55
Q

Behavioural genetics examines…

A

relationships between genes, environments and behaviour

56
Q

Genetic heritability in the extent to which any _________ is the result of genes

A

phenotype

57
Q

Similarities and ______ of people that are or are not related is the predominate research

A

genes

58
Q

_________: are your genetic structure
__________: are observable characteristics; like height but also personality

A

Genotypes; Phenotypes

59
Q

_______ _________ is assessed by degree of variability between parents and child

A

Genetic Heritability

60
Q
  • Additive genetic variance – total gene variance inherited from parents
  • Dominant genetic variance – dominant genes are expressed and recessive genes are not
  • Espistatic genetic variance – genes _______. Some genes we inherit determine how others will be expressed or suppressed (epistasis)
A

Dominant; interact

61
Q
  • _________ genetic variance – total gene variance inherited from parents
  • Dominant genetic variance – dominant genes are expressed and recessive genes are not
  • _______ genetic variance – genes interact. Some genes we inherit determine how others will be expressed or suppressed (epistasis)
A

Additive; Espistatic

62
Q
  • Additive genetic variance – total gene variance inherited from parents
  • Dominant genetic variance – dominant genes are expressed and recessive genes are not
  • Espistatic genetic variance – genes interact. Some genes we inherit determine how others will be ________ or _________ (________)
A

expressed; suppressed; epistasis

63
Q

A narrow genetic variation is attributed to _________ genetic variance

A

additive

64
Q

what are the 3 ways we assess genetic variance?

A

Family studies; Twin studies; Adoption studies

65
Q

Heritability estimate for a twin study are expressed as a _________: h2 = 2 (rmz – rdz)

A

percentage

66
Q

What is the heritability estimate formula?

A

h2 = 2 (rmz – rdz)

67
Q

Riemann found the following heritability estimates for the Big Five (N(__%), C(72%), E(56%), A(46%), O(28%))

A

80; 72

68
Q

Did Eyesneck use factor analysis?

A

yes

69
Q

What were Eyesenk’s three super trait? and which one was added later?

A

Extraversion-introversion; Neuroticism; and then later psychoticism

70
Q

what are the polar opposites of neurotic?

A

Emotional stability-Emotional instability

71
Q

What are the 4 levels in Eyesenk’s Hierarchical model?

A

Specific respone level; Habitual response level; Trait level; Supertrait level

72
Q

Eyesenck:
• Basic assumption is that human brain has _________ and ________ neural mechanisms
• We seek to maintain a _______ between these two mechanisms

A

excitatory; inhibitory; balance

73
Q

Balance of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms is regulated by the _____

A

ARAS

74
Q

What is the ARAS?

A

Ascending Reticular Activating System

75
Q

Reticulo-_______ circuit (arousal to incoming stimuli) and the reticulo-limbic circuit (arousal to emotional stimuli)

A

cortical; limbic

76
Q

Reticulo-_______ circuit (arousal to incoming stimuli) and the reticulo-______ circuit (arousal to emotional stimuli)

A

cortical; limbic

77
Q

Reticulo-cortical circuit (arousal to ________ stimuli) and the reticulo-limbic circuit (arousal to ________ stimuli)

A

incoming; emotional

78
Q

ARAS that lets in lots of stimulation >(extravert/introvert)

ARAS that cuts brain off from stimulation > (extravert/introvert)

A

Introvert; Extrovert

79
Q

_________ have been shown to be more sensitive to stimulation

A

Introverts

80
Q

The resting level of the ARAS is higher for an ________ than an ________

A

introvert; extrovert

81
Q

Extroversion according to Eysenck is focussed by the reticulo-______ circuit

A

cortical

82
Q

Neuroticism according to Eysenck is focussed by the reticule-_______ circuit

A

limbic

83
Q

ARAS that produces a high level of arousal to emotional stimuli > ________
ARAS that produces a low level of arousal to emotional stimuli > _______ _______

A

neurotic; emotionally stable

84
Q

What assesses eyesenk’s super traits?

A

the EPQ

85
Q

Gray’s BAS/BIS theory

• Often referred to as _________ _________ theory

A

reinforcement sensitivity

86
Q

What theory suggests that personality is based on the interaction of two different systems ?

A

Grays BAS/BIS theory

87
Q

Behavioural _________ System: reflects sensitivity to rewarding stimuli and to seek those rewards

A

Approach

88
Q

(high BAS reactivity > ___________)(low BAS reactivity > __ _______)

A

impulsive; not impulsive

89
Q

Behavioural __________ System: Reflects sensitivity to punishment and new stimuli

A

Inhibition

90
Q

(high BIS > (high/low) trait anxiety; (high/low) BIS > low trait anxiety

A

High; low

91
Q

Cloninger’s Biological Model has _ temperament domains, and _ chararcter domains

A

4; 3

92
Q

Are temperament domains biological in origin?

A

Yes

93
Q

Are character domains biological in origin?

A

No

94
Q

High __________ >antisocial behaviour, aggression, and dominance

A

testosterone

95
Q

High _______ to stress and anxiety

A

cortisol

96
Q

(high/low) norepinephrine > anxiety-prone, dependent, sociable,
(high/low) norepinephrine > disinhibition and impulsivity

A

high; Low

97
Q

Low ____ (enzyme) > aggression, extraversion, sensation seeking

A

MAO

98
Q

________: role in inhibition of behavioural and emotional impulses

A

Serotonin

99
Q

(High/Low) serotonin > obsessive worry, depression, irrational anger, chronic pessimism(
High/Low) serotonin > compulsive, obsessively tidy

A

Low; High

100
Q

Basic assumptions of evolutionary theory:

  1. __________ seen in people are present because in the evolutionary history of the human species these __________ were more helpful for survival
  2. The more a behaviour helps us ______ and ________ > more likely to occur in subsequent generations
A

Behaviours x 2; survive and reproduce

101
Q

______ ______ theory: more attracted to strangers who resemble you than who don’t

A

Genetic similarity

102
Q

_____ and _____ found that women examine gene quality and resource investment; men examine physical attractiveness

A

Daly and Wilson

103
Q

____ found different results from males and females, and how they differentiate towards sexual jealousy

A

Buss

104
Q

Both genders do however look for: good sense of ______; pleasing _________; ___________; emotional stability; kindness; lovingness

A

humor; personality; agreeableness

105
Q

Evolutionary Theory and Aggression
• _________ pre-programmed to serve adaptive purpose
• Inter-male fighting in animals purposive and ________
• Ethological analysis of _________ in animals well established

A

Aggression; adaptive; aggression

106
Q

What are the three assumptions of the biological approach to personality?

A
  1. Many personality characteristics are genetically determined
  2. That human behaviour is produced by complex biological systems
  3. Our behavioural tendencies are personality to an extent derive from our evolutionary history
107
Q

Genetic heritability is the extent to which any phenotype is the result of _______

A

Genes

108
Q

Is personality a phenotype or genotype?

A

Phenotype

109
Q

There is a higher heritability estimate for ________ compared to neuroticism

A

extraversion

110
Q

What evidence has shown support for genetic underpinnings to personality?

A

Twin studies. As MZ twins have higher heritability estimates of shared personality traits compared to DZ twins, when both reared together and reared apart.

111
Q

What does ARAS stand for?

A

Ascending Reticular Activating System

112
Q

Balance of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms are regulated by the __________ _________ ________ _________

A

Ascending Reticular Activating System

113
Q

The function of the ______ is to regulate the amount of information or stimulation that goes into the brain via two circuits which manage arousal

A

ARAS

114
Q

Where is the ARAS located?

A

The brainstem

115
Q

What are the two circuits of the ARAS and what do they regulate?

A

The Reticulo-cortical circuit (Arousal to incoming stimuli) Reticul-limbic circuit (Arousal to emotional stimuli)

116
Q

Would most young teen adolescents be high or low on the BAS?

A

High, as high BAS is impulsivity

117
Q

If I am high on the BIS I have high trait ______

A

anxiety

118
Q

If I approached someone and asked them on a date, this would activate the (BIS/BAS)?

A

The behavioural activation system

119
Q

Novely seeking,
Harm avoidance
Reward dependence
Persistence

are all ____________ domains

A

Temperament

120
Q

Self-directedness
Cooperativeness
Self-transcendance

are all ________ domains

A

character

121
Q

Are character or temperament domains biological in origin?

A

Temperament

122
Q

According to Eysenck’s model, if someone has an Ascending Reticular Activation System which does not provide a lot of arousal, they would likely be an __________

A

Extravert

123
Q

Cloninger identified four ___________ and three ________ domains in his model of personality

A

temperament; character

124
Q

High cortical is associated to severe ________

A

depression

125
Q

low norepinephrine > disinhibition and _________

A

impulsively

126
Q

Genes _______ in epistatic genetic variance

A

Interact

127
Q

What is the significance of the Pedersen et al study?

A

That MZ twins reared together and apart were higher correlations than DZ reared together and a part

128
Q

Some research found 3 temperaments:

The well-adjusted child
The ________ child
The __________ child

A

inhibited; undercontrolled

129
Q

What are the three basic temperaments of Buss and Plomins model?

A

Emotionality; Activity; Sociability

130
Q

What type of anxiety are inhibited temperament children vulnerable to?

A

Anxiety to Novelty

131
Q

Novelty Seeking = _________
Harm avoidance = _________
Reward dependance = __________
Persistance = ___________

A

dopamine; serotonin; noradrenalin; noradrenalin

132
Q

Novelty Seeking = _________
Harm avoidance = _________
Reward dependance = __________
Persistance = ___________

A

dopamine; serotonin; noradrenalin; noradrenalin

133
Q

Novelty Seeking = _________
Harm avoidance = _________
Reward dependance = __________
Persistance = ___________

A

dopamine; serotonin; noradrenalin; noradrenalin

134
Q

Novelty Seeking = _________
Harm avoidance = _________
Reward dependance = __________
Persistance = ___________

A

dopamine; serotonin; noradrenalin; noradrenalin

135
Q

Novelty Seeking = _________
Harm avoidance = _________
Reward dependance = __________
Persistance = ___________

A

dopamine; serotonin; noradrenalin; noradrenalin

personality and individual differences (10 decks)

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