Week 9 Biological Approach Flashcards
Few psychologists today would deny that __________ is at least partly the result of inherited biological differences
Personality
The growing acceptance of a biological influence on personality is partly a reflection of the declining influence of ___________
behaviourism
Eysenck employed _____ analysis to identify the basic number of what he called types or supertraits
factor
Eysenck employed factor analysis to identify the basic number of what he called types or _______
supertraits
__________-__________; ___________; and ___________ are the three overarching personality dimensions of Eysenck’s Theory
Extraversion-Introversion; Neuroticism; Psychotisism
The basic structure for the Eysenck hierarchy is the specific ______ _____ (specific behaviours)
response level
The second level for the Eysenck hierarchy is _______ Response
Habitual
The third level for the Eysenck hierarchy is the ____ Level
Trait
The last level for the Eysenck hierarchy is called the _______ level
supertrait
What are the four levels of Eysenck’s Hierarchy?
The Basic Response Level; The Habitual Level; The Trait Level; the Supertrait Level
People who score high in emotions could be high in what personality dimension according to Eysenck?
Neuroticism
People who are egocentric, aggressive, and impersonal might score high on which personality dimension?
Psychoticism
Eysenck originally proposed that extraverts and introverts had different levels of _____ ______ arousal
cerebral cortex
____verts are more sensitive to stimulation than ____verts
Intro; extra
According to Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, each human brain has a Behavioural _______ System (BAS) , and a Behavioural _______ System (BIS)
Approach; Inhibition
People with a highly active (BAS/BIS) are intensely motivated to seek out and achieve pleasurable goals?
BAS
People with highly active (BAS/BIS) tend to be more apprehensive than others?
BIS
People with high BIS or BAS are more likely to experience anxiety?
BIS
Most researchers see a connection between the (BAS/BIS) and extraversion and a connection between the (BAS/BIS) and neuroticism
BAS; BIS
________ are general patterns of behaviour and mood that can be expressed in many different ways and that, depending of ones experience, develop into different personality traits
Temperaments
Is it hard to classify temperaments?
Yes,
What are the three basic temperament dimensions?
Emotionality; Activity; Sociability
(Activity; Emotionality; Sociability) refers to intensity of emotional reactions?
Emotionality
(Activity; Emotionality; Sociability) refers to a persons general level of energy
Activity
(Activity; Emotionality; Sociability) relates to a general tendency to affiliate and interact with others
Sociability
What temperament type would likely to have a quick temper?
Emotionality
Adult personalities are influenced by inherited temperaments and the _________
environment
(Inhibited/Uninhibited) children are controlled and gentle
inhibited
(Inhibited/Uninhibited) are uncontrolled and non-gentle
uninhibited
(Inhibited/Uninhibited) children are more vulnerable to anxiety to novelty?
Inhibited
Negative evaluation by other people is a common source of ________
anxiety
According to ________ theory, physical features evolve because they help the species survive the challenges of the environment and reproduce new members of the species
evolution
One of the primary causes of anxiety is social _________
exclusion
_____ child; ______ child; and _____ to _____ up child are the three basic temperament dimensions of elementary school aged children
Easy; Difficult; Slow to warm up child
Electroencephalographs or _____ are used to measure electrical activity in different parts of the brain
EEG’s
what type of EEG wave is particularly useful for the measurement of emotion and personality?
Alpha waves
The right hemisphere is associated with (positivity/Negativism); while the left hemisphere is associated with ?
Negativism;positivity
The _____-_____ question is one of the most enduring issues in psychology
Nature-Nurture
For ______ Reasons, it is not possible to manipulate people’s genes and observe who they become
Ethical
The similarity of ______ and Children is an obvious source of inherited personality
Parents
The most popular procedure for separating the role of genetics from the role of environment is the ___-____ Method
Twin-Study
Because of the racial tension, psychologists have been working on a “_____-____” intelligence test
“culture-free”
Considering the biological approach, should monozygotic or dyzygotic twins be more similar in personality?
Monozygotic
The genetic influence of some personality traits may not be seen unless a unique combination of more than one gene is inherited is called the __________ effect
Nonadditive
_______ has one of the strongest genetic components of any personality variable studied
Extraversion
____verted students are more sensitive to stimulation
____verts are understimulated
Intro; Extra
Are extroverts of introverts found to be more happy?
Extraverts
According to Evolutionary psychologists, male and females search for a mate to _______, and this is partly based on concerns for parental investment
reproduce
From the evolutionary perspective, Men serve best by ________ as frequently as possible
Reproducing
Men prefer partners that are _______ and physically attractive
younger
________ Selection: the competition among members of one gender for mating access to the best members of the other gender
Intrasexual
Does psychoticism have a polar opposite?
No
Major general ideas to the biological perspective
- That many personality characteristics are ___________ determined
- That human behaviour produced is by a complex biological system (eg. Hormones, NT’s)
- That our behavioural tendencies and to some extent our personality derive from our evolutionary history
genetically; biological
Major general ideas to the ________ perspective
- That many personality characteristics are genetically determined
- That human behaviour produced is by a complex biological system (eg. Hormones, NT’s)
- That our behavioural tendencies and to some extent our personality derive from our ___________ history
biological ; evolutionary
Behavioural genetics examines…
relationships between genes, environments and behaviour
Genetic heritability in the extent to which any _________ is the result of genes
phenotype
Similarities and ______ of people that are or are not related is the predominate research
genes
_________: are your genetic structure
__________: are observable characteristics; like height but also personality
Genotypes; Phenotypes
_______ _________ is assessed by degree of variability between parents and child
Genetic Heritability
- Additive genetic variance – total gene variance inherited from parents
- Dominant genetic variance – dominant genes are expressed and recessive genes are not
- Espistatic genetic variance – genes _______. Some genes we inherit determine how others will be expressed or suppressed (epistasis)
Dominant; interact
- _________ genetic variance – total gene variance inherited from parents
- Dominant genetic variance – dominant genes are expressed and recessive genes are not
- _______ genetic variance – genes interact. Some genes we inherit determine how others will be expressed or suppressed (epistasis)
Additive; Espistatic
- Additive genetic variance – total gene variance inherited from parents
- Dominant genetic variance – dominant genes are expressed and recessive genes are not
- Espistatic genetic variance – genes interact. Some genes we inherit determine how others will be ________ or _________ (________)
expressed; suppressed; epistasis
A narrow genetic variation is attributed to _________ genetic variance
additive
what are the 3 ways we assess genetic variance?
Family studies; Twin studies; Adoption studies
Heritability estimate for a twin study are expressed as a _________: h2 = 2 (rmz – rdz)
percentage
What is the heritability estimate formula?
h2 = 2 (rmz – rdz)
Riemann found the following heritability estimates for the Big Five (N(__%), C(72%), E(56%), A(46%), O(28%))
80; 72
Did Eyesneck use factor analysis?
yes
What were Eyesenk’s three super trait? and which one was added later?
Extraversion-introversion; Neuroticism; and then later psychoticism
what are the polar opposites of neurotic?
Emotional stability-Emotional instability
What are the 4 levels in Eyesenk’s Hierarchical model?
Specific respone level; Habitual response level; Trait level; Supertrait level
Eyesenck:
• Basic assumption is that human brain has _________ and ________ neural mechanisms
• We seek to maintain a _______ between these two mechanisms
excitatory; inhibitory; balance
Balance of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms is regulated by the _____
ARAS
What is the ARAS?
Ascending Reticular Activating System
Reticulo-_______ circuit (arousal to incoming stimuli) and the reticulo-limbic circuit (arousal to emotional stimuli)
cortical; limbic
Reticulo-_______ circuit (arousal to incoming stimuli) and the reticulo-______ circuit (arousal to emotional stimuli)
cortical; limbic
Reticulo-cortical circuit (arousal to ________ stimuli) and the reticulo-limbic circuit (arousal to ________ stimuli)
incoming; emotional
ARAS that lets in lots of stimulation >(extravert/introvert)
ARAS that cuts brain off from stimulation > (extravert/introvert)
Introvert; Extrovert
_________ have been shown to be more sensitive to stimulation
Introverts
The resting level of the ARAS is higher for an ________ than an ________
introvert; extrovert
Extroversion according to Eysenck is focussed by the reticulo-______ circuit
cortical
Neuroticism according to Eysenck is focussed by the reticule-_______ circuit
limbic
ARAS that produces a high level of arousal to emotional stimuli > ________
ARAS that produces a low level of arousal to emotional stimuli > _______ _______
neurotic; emotionally stable
What assesses eyesenk’s super traits?
the EPQ
Gray’s BAS/BIS theory
• Often referred to as _________ _________ theory
reinforcement sensitivity
What theory suggests that personality is based on the interaction of two different systems ?
Grays BAS/BIS theory
Behavioural _________ System: reflects sensitivity to rewarding stimuli and to seek those rewards
Approach
(high BAS reactivity > ___________)(low BAS reactivity > __ _______)
impulsive; not impulsive
Behavioural __________ System: Reflects sensitivity to punishment and new stimuli
Inhibition
(high BIS > (high/low) trait anxiety; (high/low) BIS > low trait anxiety
High; low
Cloninger’s Biological Model has _ temperament domains, and _ chararcter domains
4; 3
Are temperament domains biological in origin?
Yes
Are character domains biological in origin?
No
High __________ >antisocial behaviour, aggression, and dominance
testosterone
High _______ to stress and anxiety
cortisol
(high/low) norepinephrine > anxiety-prone, dependent, sociable,
(high/low) norepinephrine > disinhibition and impulsivity
high; Low
Low ____ (enzyme) > aggression, extraversion, sensation seeking
MAO
________: role in inhibition of behavioural and emotional impulses
Serotonin
(High/Low) serotonin > obsessive worry, depression, irrational anger, chronic pessimism(
High/Low) serotonin > compulsive, obsessively tidy
Low; High
Basic assumptions of evolutionary theory:
- __________ seen in people are present because in the evolutionary history of the human species these __________ were more helpful for survival
- The more a behaviour helps us ______ and ________ > more likely to occur in subsequent generations
Behaviours x 2; survive and reproduce
______ ______ theory: more attracted to strangers who resemble you than who don’t
Genetic similarity
_____ and _____ found that women examine gene quality and resource investment; men examine physical attractiveness
Daly and Wilson
____ found different results from males and females, and how they differentiate towards sexual jealousy
Buss
Both genders do however look for: good sense of ______; pleasing _________; ___________; emotional stability; kindness; lovingness
humor; personality; agreeableness
Evolutionary Theory and Aggression
• _________ pre-programmed to serve adaptive purpose
• Inter-male fighting in animals purposive and ________
• Ethological analysis of _________ in animals well established
Aggression; adaptive; aggression
What are the three assumptions of the biological approach to personality?
- Many personality characteristics are genetically determined
- That human behaviour is produced by complex biological systems
- Our behavioural tendencies are personality to an extent derive from our evolutionary history
Genetic heritability is the extent to which any phenotype is the result of _______
Genes
Is personality a phenotype or genotype?
Phenotype
There is a higher heritability estimate for ________ compared to neuroticism
extraversion
What evidence has shown support for genetic underpinnings to personality?
Twin studies. As MZ twins have higher heritability estimates of shared personality traits compared to DZ twins, when both reared together and reared apart.
What does ARAS stand for?
Ascending Reticular Activating System
Balance of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms are regulated by the __________ _________ ________ _________
Ascending Reticular Activating System
The function of the ______ is to regulate the amount of information or stimulation that goes into the brain via two circuits which manage arousal
ARAS
Where is the ARAS located?
The brainstem
What are the two circuits of the ARAS and what do they regulate?
The Reticulo-cortical circuit (Arousal to incoming stimuli) Reticul-limbic circuit (Arousal to emotional stimuli)
Would most young teen adolescents be high or low on the BAS?
High, as high BAS is impulsivity
If I am high on the BIS I have high trait ______
anxiety
If I approached someone and asked them on a date, this would activate the (BIS/BAS)?
The behavioural activation system
Novely seeking,
Harm avoidance
Reward dependence
Persistence
are all ____________ domains
Temperament
Self-directedness
Cooperativeness
Self-transcendance
are all ________ domains
character
Are character or temperament domains biological in origin?
Temperament
According to Eysenck’s model, if someone has an Ascending Reticular Activation System which does not provide a lot of arousal, they would likely be an __________
Extravert
Cloninger identified four ___________ and three ________ domains in his model of personality
temperament; character
High cortical is associated to severe ________
depression
low norepinephrine > disinhibition and _________
impulsively
Genes _______ in epistatic genetic variance
Interact
What is the significance of the Pedersen et al study?
That MZ twins reared together and apart were higher correlations than DZ reared together and a part
Some research found 3 temperaments:
The well-adjusted child
The ________ child
The __________ child
inhibited; undercontrolled
What are the three basic temperaments of Buss and Plomins model?
Emotionality; Activity; Sociability
What type of anxiety are inhibited temperament children vulnerable to?
Anxiety to Novelty
Novelty Seeking = _________
Harm avoidance = _________
Reward dependance = __________
Persistance = ___________
dopamine; serotonin; noradrenalin; noradrenalin
Novelty Seeking = _________
Harm avoidance = _________
Reward dependance = __________
Persistance = ___________
dopamine; serotonin; noradrenalin; noradrenalin
Novelty Seeking = _________
Harm avoidance = _________
Reward dependance = __________
Persistance = ___________
dopamine; serotonin; noradrenalin; noradrenalin
Novelty Seeking = _________
Harm avoidance = _________
Reward dependance = __________
Persistance = ___________
dopamine; serotonin; noradrenalin; noradrenalin
Novelty Seeking = _________
Harm avoidance = _________
Reward dependance = __________
Persistance = ___________
dopamine; serotonin; noradrenalin; noradrenalin
