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Personality and Individual Differences > Week 7 Psychoanalytic Approach > Flashcards

Week 7 Psychoanalytic Approach Flashcards

1
Q

______: a disorder that consists of a variety of physical symptoms

A

Hysteria

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2
Q

Patients would describe previously hidden material that seemed related to the causes and cure of their hysterical symptoms in Freud’s technique known as ___ _______

A

Free Association

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3
Q

The division of human personality into three components: the conscious, preconscious, and the unconscious is known as what?

A

Topographic Model:

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4
Q

What are the 3 components of the topographic model?

A

Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscieous

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5
Q

The ______ contains the thoughts you are currently aware of

A

Conscious

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6
Q

The ________ is the large body of information that can readily be brought into the conscious

A

Preconscious

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7
Q

The _________ is the vast majority of thoughts that you have but have no immediate access to

A

Unconsciousness

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8
Q

According to Freud the _________ is responsible for much of your everyday behaviour

A

unconscious

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9
Q

The Structural Model consists of the __, __, and __

A

id; ego; superego

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10
Q

At birth there is only one personality structure , the __?

A

id

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11
Q

The __ is the selfish part of you, concerned with only satisfying your personal desires

A

id

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12
Q

What two components do the id use?

A

Wishful fulfilment; and the pleasure principle

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13
Q

Is the id completely unconscious or conscious?

A

unconscious

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14
Q

The ___ is based on the reality principle: the primary job of the ego is to satisfy id impulses, but considers the realities of the world

A

ego

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15
Q

Your ego moves freely between the unconscious, preconscious and conscious? True or False?

A

True

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16
Q

The ____ represents society’s and parents values and standards

A

Superego

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17
Q

The primary weapon that the superego brings and utilises is _____

A

guilt

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18
Q

____ ____: an ever-present feeling of shame and guilt-for failing to reach standards no human can meet

A

Moral Anxiety

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19
Q

Freud stated that human behaviour is motivated by strong internal forces called _____

A

Treibe

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20
Q

Freud Identified _____ (the life or sexual instinct) and _____ (and the death or aggressive behaviour) as the two major Treibes

A

Libido; Thanatos

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21
Q

______ Anxiety: the vague feelings of anxiety cause by sensations that are unacceptable unconscious thoughts

A

Neurotic

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22
Q

The ____ uses defence mechanisms to deal with unwanted thoughts and desires

A

ego

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23
Q

The active effort by the ego to push threatening material out of consciousness or to keep that material from ever reaching consciousness is known as ?

A

Repression

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24
Q

The ego channels threatening unconscious impulses into socially acceptable action, this is known as ?

A

Sublimation

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25
Q

_______ involves channelling our impulses to non-threatening objects

A

Displacement

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26
Q

We use the defence mechanisms of _____ when we refuse to accept that certain facts exist

A

denial

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27
Q

We use _____ ______ when we hide from a threatening unconscious idea or urge by acting in a manner opposite to the unconscious desire

A

reaction formation

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28
Q

Attributing an unconscious impulse to other people instead of ourselves is known as ?

A

Projection

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29
Q

Children that have a difficult time moving through a particular psychosexual stage become ______, or the tying up of psychic energy

A

fixated

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30
Q

Name the psychosexual stages

A

Oral; Anal; Phallic; Latency; Genital

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31
Q

When does the Oedipus complex form?

A

The Phallic stage

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32
Q

What defines mechanism might be used when children identify with their same sex parent?

A

Reaction Formation

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33
Q

______ content (what the dreamer sees and remembers) ______ content (what is really being said)

A

Manifest ; Latent

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34
Q

______ Tests: present test takes with ambiguous stimuli and asks them to respond by identifying objects, telling a story, or perhaps drawing a picture

A

Projective

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35
Q

The primary goal of _________ is to bring crucial unconscious material into consciousness where it can be examined in a more rational manner

A

Psychoanalysis

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36
Q

______ Tests present individuals with ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or vague pictures

A

Projective

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37
Q

The ______ inkblot test, Thematic Apperception Test and Human Figure Drawing tests are all types of what tests?

A

Rorshach; Projective

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38
Q

Objects and people in our dreams are thought to be _____

A

symbols

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39
Q

Men make up ____of the characters in women’s dreams and ____ of the characters in men’s dreams

A

50% ; 65%

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40
Q

The unconscious conflict surfaces in the dream at night but is expressed in the form of ______ during the day

A

anxiety

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41
Q

____ sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep

A

REM

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42
Q

________ is the cornerstone of psychoanalysis

A

Repression

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43
Q

The defence mechanism of ________ is used to associated themselves with powerful and successful individuals

A

Identification

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44
Q

______ consists of disavowing certain facts, from failure to see reality to distorting one’s memory

A

Denial

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45
Q

The only defence mechanism that children have is _____

A

denial

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46
Q

______: tension reduction (to release this tension or anxiety)

A

Catharsis

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47
Q

__________ Theory: hypnotised people experience a division of their consciousness; one part becomes an altered state, the other stays fully aware

A

Neodissociation

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48
Q

What are the three variables and one trait that predict how responsive an individual is to hypnotic suggestion?

A

Expectancy, motivation, attitude; Absorption

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49
Q

Who was the first member of the psychoanalytic group to break with Freud?

A

Alfred Adler

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50
Q

What was the name of Alfred Adler’s new psychological branch?

A

Individual Psychology

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51
Q

According to Adler, Striving for superiority begins with feelings of _________

A

inferiority

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52
Q

A high level of _______ can result in an inferiority complex: a belief that an individual has that they are vastly inferior to everyone else

A

inferiority

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53
Q

What were the two negative parental behaviours Adler identified?

A

Pampering and Neglect

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54
Q

Adler believed that Birth _____ influenced personality development

A

Order

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55
Q

Carl Jung Identified the ________ ________ : consists of thoughts and images that are difficult to bring into awareness

A

Collective Unconscious

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56
Q

The collective unconscious is made up of ______ images

A

primordial

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57
Q

Primordial images are collective referred to as ______

A

archetypes

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58
Q

The ____ is the feminine side of the male; the _____ is the masculine side of the female

A

anima; animus

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59
Q

What is the name of Jung’s unconscious that essentially contains our negativity ?

A

The Shadow

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60
Q

What has Eriksons approach to personality been called?

A

Ego psychology

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61
Q

According to Erikson, the principle function of the ego is to establish and maintain a sense of _______

A

identity

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62
Q

According to Horney, _______ are trapped in a self defeating interpersonal style

A

Neurotics

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63
Q

What were the two main contributions to psychoanalysis bu Karen Horney?

A

Neurosis and Feminine Psychology

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64
Q

Neurotics are fighting off feelings of ________ and _______

A

insecurity ; inadequacy

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65
Q

Horney stated that Neurotic personality types were nurtured by disturbed interpersonal relationships during __________

A

Childhood

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66
Q

What were the three interaction styles of Neurotics identified by Horney?

A

Moving toward people; Moving against people; Moving away from people

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67
Q

Moving ______ people
Moving ______ people;
Moving away from people; are the three interaction styles of neutrotics identified by Horney

A

Toward; Against

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68
Q

According to Freud, religious behaviour represents a form of ______

A

neurosis

69
Q

Jung stated that each of us inherit a God _______ in our collective unconscious

A

archtype

70
Q

Topographical Model
• __________Thought
• ___________ mind
• ___________ Mind: material here cannot be brought to immediate awareness

A

Conscious ; Preconscious; Unconscious

71
Q
  1. __ : the only personality structure present at birth operates on the pleasure principle, “I want something and I want it now!”
A

Id

72
Q
  1. ____: mediates the demands of the id and superego, works of the reality principle
A

Ego

73
Q
  1. _______: formed around 5 years of age. Representation of society’s and parental standards and values (Moral)
A

Superego

74
Q

The _________ enforces rules, but could produce anxiety as it always strives for perfection

A

superego

75
Q
  • Two subsystems of superego : ego ______: rules of behaviour and standards of excellence that the superego attempts to adhere to
  • __________: constitutes rules about what is bad behaviour
A

ideal; Conscience

76
Q

Moral Anxiety: is caused by the _________ being too powerful

A

superego

77
Q

Freud suggested that everyone is born with a certain amount of ______ energy

A

psychic

78
Q

________: term used to describe psychic energy used to satisfy the need

A

Cathexis

79
Q

_________: Energy used to precent a cathexis which is deem undesirable and would result in anxiety

A

Anticathexis

80
Q

________ (eros): life or sexual instinct which drives most of our behaviour (all actions concerned with pleasure)

A

Libido

81
Q

________: Death instinct

A

Thanatos

82
Q

Freud believed that we all had an unconscious desire to die and return to the earth, and the socially appropriate way to express this was _________

A

Aggression

83
Q

An important function of the ____ is to employ defense mechanisms

A

ego

84
Q

________ Anxiety: occurs when unconscious thought are close to becoming conscious

A

Neurotic

85
Q

__________: The most important: the ego’s efforts to put material out of conscious awareness

A

Repression

86
Q

____________: The most productive: Channelling impulses into socially acceptable actions

A

Sublimation

87
Q

____________: Also channels impulses, but no social rewards, phobias were seen as symbolic displacements

A

Displacement

88
Q

_________: Denial of reality (will not accept certain facts exist)

A

Denial

89
Q

_______ ________: Acting in an opposite what to threatening impulse (the reaction is exaggerated)

A

Reaction Formation

90
Q

____________: Dealing with the threatening impulse in an unemotional manner

A

Intellectualisation

91
Q

__________: when we repress the source of anxiety and see them in others

A

Projection

92
Q

______ _________: Extreme form of avoiding places and situations which arouse anxiety

A

Phobic Avoidance

93
Q

___________: Providing a logical reason which reduces anxiety

A

Rationalisation

94
Q

__________: Returning to an earlier stage in life

A

Regression

95
Q

__________ _________: Anxiety is converted into psychosomatic symptoms

A

Conversion Reaction

96
Q

Freud believed that personality formed during the first 5 – 6 years of life divided into ____________ stages

A

psychosexual

97
Q

Some individuals can become ________ at a particular psychosexual stage

A

Fixated

98
Q

Oral

• 0-1 years: Mouth-weaning: fixation can result in an adult oral personality: ___________ need for oral satisfaction)

A

dependency,

99
Q

Anal
• 18 months-3yrs: Fixation can result in an adult anal personality: Anal ________: perfectionism; Anal-_________ = overly generous

A

retentive; expulsive

100
Q

Phallic
• 3-6 years: Boys and girls develop sexual attraction for their opposite-sex parents (________ complex). Which is never fully resolved but just repressed

A

Oedipus

101
Q

Boys develop _________ anxiety and girls develop penis envy

A

castration

102
Q

Reaction formation leads to ____________ with the same-sex parent: this is important for the development of the superego

A

identification

103
Q

Latency Period

• 6-________: No specific erogenous zone; Libido energy is sublimated

A

puberty

104
Q

Genital

• Puberty onwards: ________, mature sexual intimacy (unless large amounts of libido are fixated at earlier stages

A

Genitals

105
Q

_________: forgetting, slips of the tongue, accidents (could they be because an unconscious impulses drives)

A

Parapraxes

106
Q

It is the goal of ___________ therapy to bring the unconscious so that it can be examined and resolved

A

psychoanalysis

107
Q

____ ________: speaking freely without any distractions to reveal previously hidden material

A

Free Association

108
Q

__________: when a client “forgets” an appointment, is actually a defense mechanism

A

Resistance

109
Q

______ _________: the road to unconscious, we use symbolic substitutes in our dreams to replace the anxiety provoking stimulus

A

Dream Interpretation

110
Q

Contain ________ content: what the dreamer remembers, and l________ content, what the dream is really about

A

manifest; Latent

111
Q

In Freud’s model, hypnosis is when the _____ is suspended leaving a direct link to the unconscious, but there are other views

A

ego

112
Q

_____________ theory: whilst part of the mind enters the ‘trance’ like state, there is always a hidden observer

A

Neodissociation

113
Q

Not all individuals are equally responsive to hypnosis. If you score high on __________ you would likely be responsive to hypnosis

A

absorption

114
Q

What are some strengths of Freud’s theory?

A
  • Description: good descriptions of origins of personality and the complexity of personality structure
  • Explanation: some concepts, such as defense mechanisms offer explanations of behaviour
  • Empirical Validity and Testable Concepts: some research supports certain ideas, such as anal and oral personality types, dream contents, and defense mechanisms
  • Comprehensiveness: Yes!
  • Heuristic Value: definitely, stimulated a lot of research
  • Applied Value: Freud’s work led to the treatment of other people with mental disorders in a more humane way
115
Q

What are some criticism?

A
  • Parsimony: is our behaviour really motivated by two instincts? Too parsimonious
  • Testable Concepts: lack of scientific supports, not very operationalised concepts, environment overlooked, overemphasis of sex, sexist, time-consuming and expensive.
116
Q

_________ theory emphasises the role of the ego; some focus on the operation of the ego, some focus on how the ego interacts with, and is affected by, other individuals/society/culture

A

Neoanalytic

117
Q

Neoanalytic personality assessment involves personal _________

A

narratives

118
Q

Psyche = _________

A

personality

119
Q

_______: driving force of the psyche, but unlike Freud’s theory, can be directed to numerous things to meet needs

A

Libido

120
Q

Principle of equivalence: fixed amount of ________

A

energy

121
Q

Principle of _______: hard to achieve balance across the elements of the psyche

A

entropy

122
Q

Principle of opposites: polarities of human __________

A

experience

123
Q

__________ unconscious: inherited images and experiences that result from common experiences to all humans. It also includes universal symbols which are responsible for responding in certain ways to things; these are called ___________

A

Collective; Archetypes

124
Q

Some Jungian Archetypes
• ________: Mask, helps us deal with other people in socially appropriate ways
• ________: Repressed material within the personal unconscious and images of evil from the collective unconscious and is expressed in anger, pain
• A______: feminine qualities of the male and is the prototype for female relationships (helps to understand women)
• A______: masculine qualities of the female and is the prototype for relationships with males
• Self: potential we have to achieve our unique individuality

A

Persona; Shadow; anima; animus

125
Q

The Meyers-Briggs Test Indicator was developed to assess the personality types described by ______

A

Jung

126
Q

Who De-emphasised sexual motivation and emphasised: Behaviour motivated by striving for superiority; importance of social interest; importance of parents ?

A

Alfred Adler

127
Q

______ ______ believed much of adult behaviour is based on efforts to overcome basic _______ acquired in childhood (fear of being alone and helpless in a hostile world; fear leads to neurotic needs; minimised by being raised with trust love, love, warmth, and tolerance)

A

Karen Horney; anxiety

128
Q

Horney rejected that penis envy was wrong and developed ______ envy: men try and compensate for their ability to carry children and give birth by seeking to achieve in other areas

A

womb

129
Q

Neurotic individuals try and avoid experiences, which may cause anxiety by adopting a particular style of dealing with people (Moving _______ people; Moving ______ people; moving ______ from people).

A

toward; against; away

130
Q

If the superego is to powerful, someone might experience ______ ________

A

Moral anxiety

131
Q

What are the two sub levels of the superego?

A

Ego ideal; and Conscience

132
Q

what is the most productive defence mechanism?

A

Sublimation

133
Q

When does the phallic stage occur? what age?

A

3-6 years

134
Q

According to Freud, children in the ______ stage are 3-6 years old

A

phallic

135
Q

What is the major event during the phallic stage?

A

The Oedipus complex

136
Q

What defence mechanism leads to identification with the opposite sex parent during the Oedipus complex?

A

Reaction formation

137
Q

Anxiety that is converted into psychosomatic symptoms is a part of which defence mechanism?

A

Conversion reaction

138
Q 
The R\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ type
The A\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ type
The G\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ type
The S\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ U\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ type 
are the 4 Adlerian Personality Types
A

Ruling; Avoiding; Getting; Socially Useful

139
Q

Out of the Alderian personality types, which was the healthly one?

A

The Socially Useful Type

140
Q

The ____ measures needs and motives and as such fits into the dispositional perspective

A

TAT

141
Q

The TAT draws heavily on the psychoanalytic concept of the _________

A

unconscious

142
Q

The TAT is always an (nomothetic/ideographic)

A

Ideographic

143
Q

Can the TAT reveal underlying attitudes of optimism or pessimism?

A

Yes it can.

144
Q

According to Freud, which is the only personality structure present at birth?

A

The Id

145
Q

What are the two subsystems of the superego?

A

The ego ideal; the conscience

146
Q

What is the energy being used to satisfy a need called?

A

Cathexis

147
Q

What is the name of the psychic energy that the ego would use to stop the id’s desire?

A

Anticathexis

148
Q

A problem with ______’s psychosexual stages is that there is no room for growth or change later on

A

Freud’s

149
Q

According to Freud, an individual that has a _____ personality tends to be dependent on others,

A

oral

150
Q

Which psychosexual fixation is associated with being messy and disorganised? and what is the opposite?

A

Anal expulsive; Anal retentive

151
Q

Libido energy is sublimated during which psychosexual stage?

A

The Latency period (6-puberty)

152
Q

Forgetting; Freudian slips; and accidents are also known as ________

A

parapraxes

153
Q

What happens in counter transference?

A

The therapist displaces their own feelings onto the client

154
Q

Research has found that each of us rely on some defence mechanisms more than others, this is known as our ________ _______

A

defensive style

155
Q

Defensive style may also have implications for how people react to common sources of ______

A

stress

156
Q

_______ jokes - the ones that provide insight into the unconscious of the joke tell as well as the person who laughs

A

tendentious jokes

157
Q

If you had the ability to become highly involved in sensory and imaginative stimuli you wold likely be high in ________

A

Absorption

158
Q

A_______
M_______
E________
Ab________

are variables in an individual’s susceptibility to hypnosis

A

attitude;
Motivation;
Expectancy
absorption

159
Q

The polarities of human experience is known as the principle of _______

A

opposites

160
Q

Hard to achieve balance across the elements of the psyche is known as the principle of __________

A

Entropy

161
Q

______ feminine qualities of the male and prototype for female relationships

A

anima

162
Q

_______ masculine qualities of the female and prototype for male relationships

A

animus

163
Q

The _____ was developed to assess the personality types described by Jung

A

MBTI

164
Q

What is the single motivating force described by Adler?

A

striving for superiority

165
Q

Who should have higher feelings of inferiority according to Adler, the first or second born?

A

the first born, as they are dethroned from their pampered existence

166
Q

What are the four Adlerian personality types?

A

The ruling type; the getting type; the socially useful type; and the avoiding type

167
Q

According to Erikson, the principle function of the ____ is to establish and maintain a sense of identity

A

ego

168
Q

According to Horney, what is the key characteristic of neurotics?

A

That they are trapped in a self-defeating interpersonal style

169
Q

Although Freud stated neurosis in terms of fixate energy and unconscious battles; Horney pointed to disturbed interpersonal relationships during __________

A

childhood

Personality and Individual Differences (10 decks)

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