Behavioural/Social learning perspective Flashcards
_____ Behaviour: behaviour that can be observed, predicted, and eventually controlled by scientists
Overt
According to Watson, _______ was only a variant of observable behaviour
Thinking
According to Watson, _______ was the end product of our habit systems
Personality
Skinner branded his type of behaviourism as _______ Behaviourism
Radical
Major Assumption: The experiences of life change us, and they do so in ways that are ______ and _________ ways
lawful; predictable
Behaviourism Background • Ivan Pavlov: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Conditioning • Edward Thorndike: Law of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ • John Watson: Put behaviourism on the map and “Personality = \_\_\_\_\_\_ systems” B F Skinner: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Behaviourism
Classical; Effect; Habit; Radical
What is an unconditioned response?
an automatic response to a unconditioned stimulus (the dog salivating)
What is an unconditioned stimuli?
A stimuli that automatically elicits a response (The food for the dog)
What is positive reinforcement?
reinforcement where something is added to increase behaviour (money, food)
What is negative reinforcement?
When an aversive stimuli is taken away
What is extinction?
When there is no reward for a behaviour
What is punishment?
When an aversive consequence is added
The CS-CR response can be ___________
generalised
A state in which people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled. This is known as?
Learned Helplessness
Operant conditioning relies of the ________ principle
pleasure
Generalisation: When we generalise the conditioned response to other situations. If the generalised response is met with __________, the behaviour is likely to persist
reinforcement
__________: Knowing which behaviours will likely be rewarded and which behaviours which will not be rewarded
Discrimination
_______: Rewarding behaviour which approximates the desired behaviour to try and achieve the desired goal
Shaping
Who invented Expectancy Value Theory?
Rotter
_________ _______ Theory: Importance of beliefs about what the results of your behaviour are likely to be
Expectancy Value
Different people, given _________ conditions for learning, learn different things
identical
Some people responds predictably to __________, others less so, and some respond unpredictably
reinforcement
What are the two components from in Rotter’s formula for behavioural potential
Expectancy and Reinforcement Value
Some people see a direct and strong connection between their behaviour and the ________ and ___________ received
reward; punishment
People differ in the extent to which they think there is a cause-and-effect link between their behaviour and reinforcers: _____ of ________
Locus of Control
If a student fails an exam and blames her lecturer, according to Rotter, she has an ________ ______ of _________
External Locus of Control
If a therapist slowly exposes an individual to an anxiety provoking stimuli, gradually over time the individual might come to not be some anxiety stricken about the stimuli. What theory technique is this? and is it operant or classic?
Systematic Desensitisation; Classical
If an ABA therapist does not reward and ignores hitting, what technique is this?
Extinction
Rewarding approximations is called _________
Shaping
Bandura emphasises the ______ nature of learning
social
Whilst we strive to achieve for external rewards, we are also directed by the goals we establish for ourselves. This is referred to as _____-_________
self-regulation
Self-____________: Behaviour, external, and internal factors all affect each other
determinism
Self-_______: the belief in your ability to perform a particular behaviour to achieve a certain outcome
Efficacy
If an individual believes that they are competent in achieving a certain behaviour, they are high in ____-_______
Self-Efficacy
Measures of self-______ need to be associated with particular tasks
efficacy
Bandura differentiates between outcome expectations and _________ expectations
efficacy
Are outcome expectations or efficacy expectations better predictors of behaviour?
Efficacy Expectations
Bandura identified three factors which are important for modelling to occur:
- Characteristics of the _____
- ______ of the observer
- Consequences
model; Attributes; Consequences
_________ __________: Replacing the old association of feared stimulus and response by a new association of stimulus
Systematic Desensitisation
Systematic desensitisation is a ________ conditioning technique
classical
Self-_______ can improve treatment outcomes
efficacy
Self-efficacy can be increased via:
- Enactive ________ experience
- Vicarious experiences
- ______ Persuasion
- Physiological and Affective states
mastery; Verbal
_____ _______ throughout the treatment process: situation arranged by the therapist that guarantees successful experiences to client
Guided mastery
Before any positive change can be made, therapists need to establish _________ behaviour
baseline
What are two ways of assessment of observable behaviours?
Direct observation; Self-Monitoring
_______ behavioural observation: situations are created in which the problem behaviour is likely to occur
Analogue
Strengths
• _________ Validity: Conditioning and aspects of social learning are well supported
• ______ _______: ALL concepts have to be testable since they need to be observed
• ________ value: Useful therapeutic implications (behaviour modification is also cost effective)
• ________ Value: Behaviourists helped to shape psychology as an empirical science and Bandura and Rotter have stimulated much research
• Comprehensiveness: This is more debatable, but more recent attempts have highlighted the importance of the environment in explaining situational variations
Empirical; Testable concepts; Applied; Heuristic
Weaknesses
• __________: what about free will? What about the role of genetic factors? Humans are more complex than animals
• _______ Value: Not addressing the source of the issue
• Description: good for simple behaviours; much improved with the work of Bandura and Rotter
• _________: Conditioning principles are too simplistic to account for complex human personality
Explanation; Applied; Parsimony
Watson believed that only the __________ was reasonable subject matter for a science
observable
______ behaviour: Behaviour that can be observed
Overt
According to Watson, _________ was just a variant of subvocal verbal behaviour
thinking
_________, according to Watson, was the end product of out habit systems
Personality
In his ________ behaviourism, Skinner accepted the existence of thoughts and inner experiences but challenged the extent to which we are able to _______ the inner causes of our own behaviour
radical; observe
Skinner and ______ both believed that people simply do not know the reason for many of their behaviours, although they often think they do
Freud
Skinner described __________ as “the by-product of operant reinforcement”
happiness
Traditional Behaviorists do not deny the influence of _________ by downplay its importance compared to the relative power of conditioning
genetics
_________ conditioning begins with an existing stimulus-response association
Classical
The process of building one conditioned S-R associated on another is called _____-_______ conditioning
second-order
For a new S-R association to _______, the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli must be paired occasionally or otherwise reinforced
persist
The gradual disappearance of the conditioned S-R association is called ________
extinction
__________’s proposed the law of effect: that behaviours are more likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequences and less likely to be repeated if they lead to unsatisfying consequences
Thorndike
Thorndike’s proposed the law of _______: that behaviours are more likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequences and less likely to be repeated if they lead to unsatisfying consequences
effect
Who proposed the law of effect?
Thorndike
What is the law of effect?
behaviours are more likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequences and less likely to be repeated if they lead to unsatisfying consequences
Operant conditioning begins with the _________ that the organism emits spontaneously
behaviours
________ conditioning concerns the effect certain kinds of consequences have on the frequency of behaviour
Operant
- ___________: A consequence that increases the frequency of behaviour that precedes it
- __________: A consequence that decreases the frequency of behaviour that precedes it
Reinforcement; Punishment
Punishment has several limitations:
- Punishment does not teach ___________ behaviours, only decrease undesired ones
- To be effective, punishment must be delivered immediately and consistently
- Punishment can lead to _________ side effects
appropriate; negative
___________: successive approximations of the desired behaviour are reinforced
Shaping
The concept of __________ – __________ – behaviour interactions: not only does the environment influence our behaviour, but that behaviour then determines the kind of environment we find ourselves in, which can then influence behaviour and so on.
behaviour; environment
Julian ________ is one of the most influential social learning theorists
Rotter
Rotter explains that the _______ ________ is the likelihood that a given behaviour will occur in a particular situation
behavioural potential
What is the formula to predict behavioural potential according to Rotter?
Expectancy, and Reinforcement Value
- ________: participation is determined by your expectancy of what you think the outcome will be
Expectancy
We use ___________ expectancies (beliefs we hold about how often our actions typically lead to reinforcement of punishment) for new situations that we encounter
generalized
Rotter explained that each of us can be placed on a continuum of ____ of ________
locus of control
________ ______: the degree to which we prefer one reinforce over another
Reinforcement Value
_______ __________: external and internal determinants of behaviour are part of a system of interacting influences that affect not only behaviour but the various parts of the system as well
Reciprocal Determinism
Bandura argues that most behaviour is performed in the absence of external reinforcements and punishments. Our daily actions are controlled by ___-________
self-regulation
In addition to operant and classical conditioning, we have __________ (vicarious) ________: we can learn by observing or reading or just hearing about other people’s actions
observational learning
Bandura states that “behaviour learned through __________ need not be performed”
observation
Behaviorists explain some ___________ problems in terms of reinforcing the wrong behaviour
psychological
Behaviour theorists also point out that a lack of appropriate behaviours is often the result of too little __________
reinforcement
________ __________: Old association between the feared stimulus and the fear response is replaced with a new association between the stimulus and relaxation
Systematic Desensitisation
_______ therapy: the therapist tries to rid the client of undesirable behaviours by pairing aversive images with the behaviours
Aversion
___________: uses imaging of somatic nervous system processes to educate clients on how they are going
Biofeedback
___-_______: one’s belief of being able to complete a behaviour
Self-Efficacy
_________ Expectation: the extent to which people believe actions will lead to a certain outcome
Outcome
_________ Expectation: the extent to which people believe they can perform the actions that will bring about the particular outcome
Efficacy
Bandar states that _______ expectations are better predictors of behaviour than _________ expectations
Efficacy; outcome
Bandura identifies four sources that create efficacy expectations:
- _____ ________ Experiences: These are successful attempts to achieve the outcome in the past
- Vicarious Experiences: Seeing others perform behaviours without adverse effects can lead us to believe that we can do it too
- Verbal Persuasion
- Physiological and Affective states
Enactive Mastery
What are the four sources that create efficacy expectations?
Enactive Mastery Experiences; Vicarious Experiences; Verbal Persuasion; Phsyiological and Affective states
_______ ________ Experiences: These are successful attempts to achieve the outcome in the past
Enactive Mastery
________ Experiences: Seeing others perform behaviours without adverse effects can lead us to believe that we can do it too
Vicarious
____ _______: the treatment is broken down into small steps that can be accomplished with only a slight increase in the client’s effort
Guided Mastery
______ _______ is set up in a way which almost guarantees client success
`Guided Mastery
_________ therapists do not spend much time trying to discover the initial cause of a client’s problem
Behaviour
________ _________ observation: the therapist creates a situation that resembles the real-world setting in which the problem behaviour is likely to occur
Analogue behavioural
Strengths
- Solid foundation in __________ research (especially observable data)
- The theoretical background also underlies the development of useful __________ techniques
- Treatments use baseline data and objective criteria for determining success or failure
empirical; therapeutic
Criticisms
- It is a too narrow description of human _________
- Human beings are far more complex than the laboratory animals used in behavioural research
- ___________ can downplay the meaning behind psychological ill-being
personality; Behaviorism
Children and adults acquire and maintain gender-appropriate behaviours largely through _______ ________ and ___________ learning
operant conditioning; observational
For _________ ________ of gender-stereotyping to occur, the child must first notice a certain behaviour is performed more often by one gender the another
observational learning
- ________: refers to independence, assertiveness, and control, which is roughly similar to masculinity
- _________: refers to attachment, cooperation, and interpersonal connection, which is similar to femininity
Agency; Communion
The _________ model rejects the assumption that masculinity-femininity is a continuum and proposes that they are independent traits
androgyny
- __________ Model: masculine men and feminine women are the most well adjusted
- __________ Model: being masculine is the key to mental health
- __________ Model: people whose behavioural repertoires lack either masculine or feminine behaviours are ill-prepared to respond to many situations they encounter
Congruence; Masculinity; Androgyny
__________ characteristics in a partner are desired for three reasons:
- Feminine traits are more affectionate, compassionate, and sensitive to others needs
- Androgynous people are more aware of and better able to express romantic feelings
- They communicate well and are better able to resolve problems
Feminine
___________ communion: an individual extremely places the needs of others over their own
Unmitigated
Agency is roughly related to __________
Masculinity
Communion is related to ___________
Femininity
Unmitigated _________ is related to ill-being and psychological discomfort
communion
People high in unmitigated ________ often act narcissistically, focusing on themselves to the exclusion of others
agency
Bandura states that observational learning and performance of aggression consist of 4 interrelated processes:
- ________
- ________
- _______
- _______
Attend; Remember; Enact; Expect
- We must first _______ to the significant features of the model’s behaviour
- People must then ________ information about the model’s behaviour
- People must then ______ what they have seen
- The final step is to _______ that the aggressive act will lead to rewards and not to punishment
attend; remember; enact; expect
Learned __________ can be inappropriately generalized into other situations
helplessness
Depression sometimes develops in a manner similar to the way research participants acquire ______ _________
learned helplessness
The neurotransmitter _________ appears to play a role in the development of both learned helplessness and depression
serotonin
People suffering from psychological disorders tend to be more _________ than ________ locus of control
external; internal
__________ students receive higher grades and better teacher evaluations than __________
Internal; externals
I________ are better in health than e________
internals; externals
After a new stimulus-response association is classically conditioned, it must be paired with the old stimulus occasionally or reinforced to avoid ________
Extinction
Importance of beliefs about what the results of your behaviour are likely to be: is postulated by which theory?
Expectancy value theory
What is self efficacy?
Bandure proposed that it is the belief in your ability to perform a particular behaviour to achieve a certain outcome
Bandar developed one global scale of self-efficacy which he suggested should always be used to assess a construct, is this true or false?
False
Tina told her friend that the reason she failed her exam was because her unit convenor does not like her. Tina is demonstrating an _________ locus of control
external
Behaviour therapists explain successful _________ _________ in terms of replacing old stimulus-response bonds with new ones. Social-cognitive therapists maintain that _______ ________ change efficacy expectations, leading to behaviour change
systematic desensitisation; mastery experiences
