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Personality and Individual Differences > Behavioural/Social learning perspective > Flashcards

Behavioural/Social learning perspective Flashcards

1
Q

_____ Behaviour: behaviour that can be observed, predicted, and eventually controlled by scientists

A

Overt

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2
Q

According to Watson, _______ was only a variant of observable behaviour

A

Thinking

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3
Q

According to Watson, _______ was the end product of our habit systems

A

Personality

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4
Q

Skinner branded his type of behaviourism as _______ Behaviourism

A

Radical

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5
Q

Major Assumption: The experiences of life change us, and they do so in ways that are ______ and _________ ways

A

lawful; predictable

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6
Q 
Behaviourism Background
•	Ivan Pavlov: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Conditioning
•	Edward Thorndike: Law of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
•	John Watson: Put behaviourism on the map and “Personality = \_\_\_\_\_\_ systems”
B F Skinner: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Behaviourism
A

Classical; Effect; Habit; Radical

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7
Q

What is an unconditioned response?

A

an automatic response to a unconditioned stimulus (the dog salivating)

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8
Q

What is an unconditioned stimuli?

A

A stimuli that automatically elicits a response (The food for the dog)

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9
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

reinforcement where something is added to increase behaviour (money, food)

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10
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

When an aversive stimuli is taken away

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11
Q

What is extinction?

A

When there is no reward for a behaviour

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12
Q

What is punishment?

A

When an aversive consequence is added

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13
Q

The CS-CR response can be ___________

A

generalised

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14
Q

A state in which people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled. This is known as?

A

Learned Helplessness

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15
Q

Operant conditioning relies of the ________ principle

A

pleasure

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16
Q

Generalisation: When we generalise the conditioned response to other situations. If the generalised response is met with __________, the behaviour is likely to persist

A

reinforcement

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17
Q

__________: Knowing which behaviours will likely be rewarded and which behaviours which will not be rewarded

A

Discrimination

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18
Q

_______: Rewarding behaviour which approximates the desired behaviour to try and achieve the desired goal

A

Shaping

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19
Q

Who invented Expectancy Value Theory?

A

Rotter

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20
Q

_________ _______ Theory: Importance of beliefs about what the results of your behaviour are likely to be

A

Expectancy Value

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21
Q

Different people, given _________ conditions for learning, learn different things

A

identical

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22
Q

Some people responds predictably to __________, others less so, and some respond unpredictably

A

reinforcement

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23
Q

What are the two components from in Rotter’s formula for behavioural potential

A

Expectancy and Reinforcement Value

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24
Q

Some people see a direct and strong connection between their behaviour and the ________ and ___________ received

A

reward; punishment

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25
Q

People differ in the extent to which they think there is a cause-and-effect link between their behaviour and reinforcers: _____ of ________

A

Locus of Control

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26
Q

If a student fails an exam and blames her lecturer, according to Rotter, she has an ________ ______ of _________

A

External Locus of Control

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27
Q

If a therapist slowly exposes an individual to an anxiety provoking stimuli, gradually over time the individual might come to not be some anxiety stricken about the stimuli. What theory technique is this? and is it operant or classic?

A

Systematic Desensitisation; Classical

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28
Q

If an ABA therapist does not reward and ignores hitting, what technique is this?

A

Extinction

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29
Q

Rewarding approximations is called _________

A

Shaping

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30
Q

Bandura emphasises the ______ nature of learning

A

social

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31
Q

Whilst we strive to achieve for external rewards, we are also directed by the goals we establish for ourselves. This is referred to as _____-_________

A

self-regulation

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32
Q

Self-____________: Behaviour, external, and internal factors all affect each other

A

determinism

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33
Q

Self-_______: the belief in your ability to perform a particular behaviour to achieve a certain outcome

A

Efficacy

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34
Q

If an individual believes that they are competent in achieving a certain behaviour, they are high in ____-_______

A

Self-Efficacy

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35
Q

Measures of self-______ need to be associated with particular tasks

A

efficacy

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36
Q

Bandura differentiates between outcome expectations and _________ expectations

A

efficacy

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37
Q

Are outcome expectations or efficacy expectations better predictors of behaviour?

A

Efficacy Expectations

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38
Q

Bandura identified three factors which are important for modelling to occur:

  1. Characteristics of the _____
  2. ______ of the observer
  3. Consequences
A

model; Attributes; Consequences

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39
Q

_________ __________: Replacing the old association of feared stimulus and response by a new association of stimulus

A

Systematic Desensitisation

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40
Q

Systematic desensitisation is a ________ conditioning technique

A

classical

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41
Q

Self-_______ can improve treatment outcomes

A

efficacy

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42
Q

Self-efficacy can be increased via:

  1. Enactive ________ experience
  2. Vicarious experiences
  3. ______ Persuasion
  4. Physiological and Affective states
A

mastery; Verbal

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43
Q

_____ _______ throughout the treatment process: situation arranged by the therapist that guarantees successful experiences to client

A

Guided mastery

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44
Q

Before any positive change can be made, therapists need to establish _________ behaviour

A

baseline

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45
Q

What are two ways of assessment of observable behaviours?

A

Direct observation; Self-Monitoring

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46
Q

_______ behavioural observation: situations are created in which the problem behaviour is likely to occur

A

Analogue

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47
Q

Strengths
• _________ Validity: Conditioning and aspects of social learning are well supported
• ______ _______: ALL concepts have to be testable since they need to be observed
• ________ value: Useful therapeutic implications (behaviour modification is also cost effective)
• ________ Value: Behaviourists helped to shape psychology as an empirical science and Bandura and Rotter have stimulated much research
• Comprehensiveness: This is more debatable, but more recent attempts have highlighted the importance of the environment in explaining situational variations

A

Empirical; Testable concepts; Applied; Heuristic

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48
Q

Weaknesses
• __________: what about free will? What about the role of genetic factors? Humans are more complex than animals
• _______ Value: Not addressing the source of the issue
• Description: good for simple behaviours; much improved with the work of Bandura and Rotter
• _________: Conditioning principles are too simplistic to account for complex human personality

A

Explanation; Applied; Parsimony

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49
Q

Watson believed that only the __________ was reasonable subject matter for a science

A

observable

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50
Q

______ behaviour: Behaviour that can be observed

A

Overt

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51
Q

According to Watson, _________ was just a variant of subvocal verbal behaviour

A

thinking

52
Q

_________, according to Watson, was the end product of out habit systems

A

Personality

53
Q

In his ________ behaviourism, Skinner accepted the existence of thoughts and inner experiences but challenged the extent to which we are able to _______ the inner causes of our own behaviour

A

radical; observe

54
Q

Skinner and ______ both believed that people simply do not know the reason for many of their behaviours, although they often think they do

A

Freud

55
Q

Skinner described __________ as “the by-product of operant reinforcement”

A

happiness

56
Q

Traditional Behaviorists do not deny the influence of _________ by downplay its importance compared to the relative power of conditioning

A

genetics

57
Q

_________ conditioning begins with an existing stimulus-response association

A

Classical

58
Q

The process of building one conditioned S-R associated on another is called _____-_______ conditioning

A

second-order

59
Q

For a new S-R association to _______, the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli must be paired occasionally or otherwise reinforced

A

persist

60
Q

The gradual disappearance of the conditioned S-R association is called ________

A

extinction

61
Q

__________’s proposed the law of effect: that behaviours are more likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequences and less likely to be repeated if they lead to unsatisfying consequences

A

Thorndike

62
Q

Thorndike’s proposed the law of _______: that behaviours are more likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequences and less likely to be repeated if they lead to unsatisfying consequences

A

effect

63
Q

Who proposed the law of effect?

A

Thorndike

64
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

behaviours are more likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequences and less likely to be repeated if they lead to unsatisfying consequences

65
Q

Operant conditioning begins with the _________ that the organism emits spontaneously

A

behaviours

66
Q

________ conditioning concerns the effect certain kinds of consequences have on the frequency of behaviour

A

Operant

67
Q
  • ___________: A consequence that increases the frequency of behaviour that precedes it
  • __________: A consequence that decreases the frequency of behaviour that precedes it
A

Reinforcement; Punishment

68
Q

Punishment has several limitations:

  1. Punishment does not teach ___________ behaviours, only decrease undesired ones
  2. To be effective, punishment must be delivered immediately and consistently
  3. Punishment can lead to _________ side effects
A

appropriate; negative

69
Q

___________: successive approximations of the desired behaviour are reinforced

A

Shaping

70
Q

The concept of __________ – __________ – behaviour interactions: not only does the environment influence our behaviour, but that behaviour then determines the kind of environment we find ourselves in, which can then influence behaviour and so on.

A

behaviour; environment

71
Q

Julian ________ is one of the most influential social learning theorists

A

Rotter

72
Q

Rotter explains that the _______ ________ is the likelihood that a given behaviour will occur in a particular situation

A

behavioural potential

73
Q

What is the formula to predict behavioural potential according to Rotter?

A

Expectancy, and Reinforcement Value

74
Q
  1. ________: participation is determined by your expectancy of what you think the outcome will be
A

Expectancy

75
Q

We use ___________ expectancies (beliefs we hold about how often our actions typically lead to reinforcement of punishment) for new situations that we encounter

A

generalized

76
Q

Rotter explained that each of us can be placed on a continuum of ____ of ________

A

locus of control

77
Q

________ ______: the degree to which we prefer one reinforce over another

A

Reinforcement Value

78
Q

_______ __________: external and internal determinants of behaviour are part of a system of interacting influences that affect not only behaviour but the various parts of the system as well

A

Reciprocal Determinism

79
Q

Bandura argues that most behaviour is performed in the absence of external reinforcements and punishments. Our daily actions are controlled by ___-________

A

self-regulation

80
Q

In addition to operant and classical conditioning, we have __________ (vicarious) ________: we can learn by observing or reading or just hearing about other people’s actions

A

observational learning

81
Q

Bandura states that “behaviour learned through __________ need not be performed”

A

observation

82
Q

Behaviorists explain some ___________ problems in terms of reinforcing the wrong behaviour

A

psychological

83
Q

Behaviour theorists also point out that a lack of appropriate behaviours is often the result of too little __________

A

reinforcement

84
Q

________ __________: Old association between the feared stimulus and the fear response is replaced with a new association between the stimulus and relaxation

A

Systematic Desensitisation

85
Q

_______ therapy: the therapist tries to rid the client of undesirable behaviours by pairing aversive images with the behaviours

A

Aversion

86
Q

___________: uses imaging of somatic nervous system processes to educate clients on how they are going

A

Biofeedback

87
Q

___-_______: one’s belief of being able to complete a behaviour

A

Self-Efficacy

88
Q

_________ Expectation: the extent to which people believe actions will lead to a certain outcome

A

Outcome

89
Q

_________ Expectation: the extent to which people believe they can perform the actions that will bring about the particular outcome

A

Efficacy

90
Q

Bandar states that _______ expectations are better predictors of behaviour than _________ expectations

A

Efficacy; outcome

91
Q

Bandura identifies four sources that create efficacy expectations:

  1. _____ ________ Experiences: These are successful attempts to achieve the outcome in the past
  2. Vicarious Experiences: Seeing others perform behaviours without adverse effects can lead us to believe that we can do it too
  3. Verbal Persuasion
  4. Physiological and Affective states
A

Enactive Mastery

92
Q

What are the four sources that create efficacy expectations?

A

Enactive Mastery Experiences; Vicarious Experiences; Verbal Persuasion; Phsyiological and Affective states

93
Q

_______ ________ Experiences: These are successful attempts to achieve the outcome in the past

A

Enactive Mastery

94
Q

________ Experiences: Seeing others perform behaviours without adverse effects can lead us to believe that we can do it too

A

Vicarious

95
Q

____ _______: the treatment is broken down into small steps that can be accomplished with only a slight increase in the client’s effort

A

Guided Mastery

96
Q

______ _______ is set up in a way which almost guarantees client success

A

`Guided Mastery

97
Q

_________ therapists do not spend much time trying to discover the initial cause of a client’s problem

A

Behaviour

98
Q

________ _________ observation: the therapist creates a situation that resembles the real-world setting in which the problem behaviour is likely to occur

A

Analogue behavioural

99
Q

Strengths

  1. Solid foundation in __________ research (especially observable data)
  2. The theoretical background also underlies the development of useful __________ techniques
  3. Treatments use baseline data and objective criteria for determining success or failure
A

empirical; therapeutic

100
Q

Criticisms

  1. It is a too narrow description of human _________
  2. Human beings are far more complex than the laboratory animals used in behavioural research
  3. ___________ can downplay the meaning behind psychological ill-being
A

personality; Behaviorism

101
Q

Children and adults acquire and maintain gender-appropriate behaviours largely through _______ ________ and ___________ learning

A

operant conditioning; observational

102
Q

For _________ ________ of gender-stereotyping to occur, the child must first notice a certain behaviour is performed more often by one gender the another

A

observational learning

103
Q
  • ________: refers to independence, assertiveness, and control, which is roughly similar to masculinity
  • _________: refers to attachment, cooperation, and interpersonal connection, which is similar to femininity
A

Agency; Communion

104
Q

The _________ model rejects the assumption that masculinity-femininity is a continuum and proposes that they are independent traits

A

androgyny

105
Q
  • __________ Model: masculine men and feminine women are the most well adjusted
  • __________ Model: being masculine is the key to mental health
  • __________ Model: people whose behavioural repertoires lack either masculine or feminine behaviours are ill-prepared to respond to many situations they encounter
A

Congruence; Masculinity; Androgyny

106
Q

__________ characteristics in a partner are desired for three reasons:

  1. Feminine traits are more affectionate, compassionate, and sensitive to others needs
  2. Androgynous people are more aware of and better able to express romantic feelings
  3. They communicate well and are better able to resolve problems
A

Feminine

107
Q

___________ communion: an individual extremely places the needs of others over their own

A

Unmitigated

108
Q

Agency is roughly related to __________

A

Masculinity

109
Q

Communion is related to ___________

A

Femininity

110
Q

Unmitigated _________ is related to ill-being and psychological discomfort

A

communion

111
Q

People high in unmitigated ________ often act narcissistically, focusing on themselves to the exclusion of others

A

agency

112
Q

Bandura states that observational learning and performance of aggression consist of 4 interrelated processes:

  1. ________
  2. ________
  3. _______
  4. _______
A

Attend; Remember; Enact; Expect

113
Q
  • We must first _______ to the significant features of the model’s behaviour
  • People must then ________ information about the model’s behaviour
  • People must then ______ what they have seen
  • The final step is to _______ that the aggressive act will lead to rewards and not to punishment
A

attend; remember; enact; expect

114
Q

Learned __________ can be inappropriately generalized into other situations

A

helplessness

115
Q

Depression sometimes develops in a manner similar to the way research participants acquire ______ _________

A

learned helplessness

116
Q

The neurotransmitter _________ appears to play a role in the development of both learned helplessness and depression

A

serotonin

117
Q

People suffering from psychological disorders tend to be more _________ than ________ locus of control

A

external; internal

118
Q

__________ students receive higher grades and better teacher evaluations than __________

A

Internal; externals

119
Q

I________ are better in health than e________

A

internals; externals

120
Q

After a new stimulus-response association is classically conditioned, it must be paired with the old stimulus occasionally or reinforced to avoid ________

A

Extinction

121
Q

Importance of beliefs about what the results of your behaviour are likely to be: is postulated by which theory?

A

Expectancy value theory

122
Q

What is self efficacy?

A

Bandure proposed that it is the belief in your ability to perform a particular behaviour to achieve a certain outcome

123
Q

Bandar developed one global scale of self-efficacy which he suggested should always be used to assess a construct, is this true or false?

A

False

124
Q

Tina told her friend that the reason she failed her exam was because her unit convenor does not like her. Tina is demonstrating an _________ locus of control

A

external

125
Q

Behaviour therapists explain successful _________ _________ in terms of replacing old stimulus-response bonds with new ones. Social-cognitive therapists maintain that _______ ________ change efficacy expectations, leading to behaviour change

A

systematic desensitisation; mastery experiences

Personality and Individual Differences (10 decks)

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