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Personality and Individual Differences > Week 11 The Cognitive Approach > Flashcards

Week 11 The Cognitive Approach Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ Approach explains differences in personality as differences in the way people process information

A

Cognitive

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2
Q

What approach explains differences in personality as differences in the way people process information?

A

The Cognitive Approach

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3
Q

An early predecessor to the Cognitive approach can be found in Lewin’s Field Theory of ________

A

Behaviour

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4
Q

Who wrote: The Psychology of Personal Constructs?

A

George Kelly

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5
Q

Who created Personal Construct Theory?

A

George Kelly

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6
Q

Kelly’s Man-the-Scientist is part of what theory?

A

Personal Construct Theory

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7
Q

Kelly called the cognitive structures we use to interpret and predict events _______ _______

A

personal constructs

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8
Q

Kelly described constructs as _______ (we classify relevant objects in an either/or fashion; this/that)

A

bipolar

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9
Q

What did Kelly place as the cause of most psychological problems?

A

Anxiety

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10
Q

Cognitive-_______ units or cognitive variables are part of a complex system that links the situations we encounter with our behaviour

A

Affective

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11
Q

How we react to features of the environment depends on our _______ structures

A

cognitive

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12
Q

Each of us possesses a different set of ______ representations

A

mental

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13
Q

___-_____ are cognitive representations of ourselves that we use to organise and process self-relevant information

A

Self-Schemas

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14
Q

What are self-schemas?

A

They are cognitive representations of ourselves that we use to organise and process self-relevant information

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15
Q

can trait concepts such as independence or friendliness be apart of your self-schema?

A

Yes

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16
Q

The self-______ effect is When people are asked if a word describes a celebrity- a question that also requires some thinking- they don’t recall the words a swell as when they are asked about themselves

A

reference

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17
Q

Our behaviour is directed not only by cognitive representations of the way we think of ourselves at the moment, but also by representations of what we might _______

A

become

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18
Q

Possible _____: are cognitive representations of the kind of persona we might become someday

A

Selves

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19
Q

What are the two important functions that Possible Selves provide?

A
  1. They provide incentives for future behaviour

2. They assist us in interpreting the meaning of our behaviour and the events in our lives

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20
Q
  1. They provide incentives for future behaviour

2. They assist us in interpreting the meaning of our behaviour and the events in our lives are true of ______ ______

A

Possible Selves

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21
Q

Possible Selves are useful in predicting future _______

A

behaviour

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22
Q

Self-Discrepancy Theory Proposes __ different cognitive representations of the self

A

three

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23
Q

How many cognitive representations of self does the self-discrepancy theory propose?

A

3

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24
Q
  1. _____ Self: contains all the info you have about the kind of person you are
  2. Ideal Self: the mental image of the kind of person you would like to be
  3. _____ Self: the self you believe you should be
A

Actual; Ought

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25
Q
  1. Actual Self: contains all the info you have about the kind of person you are
  2. _____ Self: the mental image of the kind of person you would like to be
  3. Ought Self: the self you believe you should be
A

Ideal

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26
Q

Self-Discrepancy Theory Proposes __ different cognitive representations of the self

A

3

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27
Q

How many cognitive representations of self are there proposed by self-discrepancy theory?

A

3

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28
Q

Cognitive therapists identify inappropriate ________ as a cause of mood disorders and self-defeating behaviour

A

thoughts

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29
Q

The goal of most _______ therapies is to help clients reorganise inappropriate thoughts and replace them with more appropriate ones

A

cognitive

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30
Q
  • Ellis described it as a A-B-C process:
  • Activating Experience
  • The Irrational Belief
  • Emotional Consequence
A

Belief ; Consequence

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31
Q

Rational Emotive Therapists challenge clients to identify their irrational ______ and see how these beliefs lead them to their faulty conclusions

A

beliefs

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32
Q
  • Ellis described it as a A-B-C process:
  • Activating Experience
  • The Irrational Belief
  • Emotional Consequence
A

Belief ; Consequence

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33
Q

Rational Emotive Therapists challenge clients to identify their irrational ______ and see how these beliefs lead them to their faulty conclusions

A

beliefs

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34
Q

_______ constructs are developed before we learn to speak

A

Preverbal

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35
Q

What is a criticism of the Repertory Grid Technique?

A

It does not generate a simple test score

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36
Q

Aggressive behaviour _____ represent ways to act that we have learned and sometimes practiced

A

scripts

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37
Q

A full understanding of ________ behaviour requires that we also examine the cognitions that come into play when people encounter a potentially threatening or dangerous situation

A

aggressive

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38
Q

Aggressive behaviour _____ represent ways to act that we have learned and sometimes practiced

A

scripts

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39
Q

_____ Aggression the angry and aggressive way some boys respond to even mild frustrations or provocations

A

Reactive

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40
Q

Investigations have found two differences in the way men and women organise information in memory

  1. The genders differ in the extent to which self-relevant information is associated with emotions
  2. Men and women differ in the extent to which info about themselves is connected with info about personal ___________
A

relationships

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41
Q

Investigations have found two differences in the way men and women organise information in memory

  1. The genders differ in the extent to which self-relevant information is associated with ________
  2. Men and women differ in the extent to which info about themselves is connected with info about personal relationships
A

emotions

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42
Q

Investigations have found two differences in the way men and women organise information in memory

  1. The genders differ in the extent to which self-relevant information is associated with _______
  2. Men and women differ in the extent to which info about themselves is connected with info about personal _________
A

emotions; relationships

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43
Q

_____ (Women/Men) are more likely to pay attention to their emotions and the emotions of others

A

Women

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44
Q

Men develop __________ Self-Construals: Men’s self-concepts are relatively unrelated to the cognitive representations they have for other people

A

Independent

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45
Q

Men develop Independent Self-Construals: Men’s self-concepts are relatively _______ to the cognitive representations they have for other people

A

unrelated

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46
Q

Women develop ___________ Self-Construals: women’s self-concepts are highly related to the cognitive representations they have of others and their relationships with those people

A

Interdependent

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47
Q

Women develop Interdependent Self-Construals: women’s self-concepts are highly related to the ________ representations they have of others and their relationships with those people

A

cognitive

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48
Q

_________ people not only remember sad experiences more easily but may also have difficulty keeping themselves from generating one depressing thought after another

A

Depressed

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49
Q

Depressing thoughts are tied to depressing _______

A

feelings

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50
Q

The ________ perspective argues that depressing thoughts can cause people to become depressed

A

cognitive

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51
Q

The thoughts of depressed people are sometimes called Depressive _______ Triads:

  1. Have negative thoughts about themselves
  2. Pessimistic about the ______
  3. Interpret ongoing experiences in a negative manner
A

Cognitive; future

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52
Q

The thoughts of depressed people are sometimes called Depressive Cognitive Triads:

  1. Have negative thoughts about _________
  2. Pessimistic about the future
  3. Interpret ongoing __________ in a negative manner
A

themselves; experiences

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53
Q

_______ Schema (or Depressive Schema): is a cognitive structure containing memories about and associates with depressing events and thoughts

A

Negative

54
Q

There are similarities between learned helplessness and _________

A

Depression

55
Q

Negative _______ Style: people with this negative ________ style attribute their problems to stable (enduring) and global (widespread) causes

A

Cognitive x 2

56
Q

Negative Cognitive Styles are personality variables that are fairly ______ over time

A

stable

57
Q

Negative Cognitive Style is related to ________

A

Depression

58
Q

Main assumptions of the cognitive perspective:

  1. Sees the human being as a complex but orderly ______ _______ system
  2. We integrate, organise, store, and retrieve _________
  3. We develop characteristic patterns of _________
A

information processing; information; thinking

59
Q

We are surrounded by a mass of information that we attempt to only group and process things and selectively _____ to attend to only some stimuli.

A

choose

60
Q

Cognitive organisation is beneficial as it saves ______ ________ and allows us to understand events using small pieces of information

A

mental resources

61
Q

Cognitive organisation, however, can be bad, as we might get stuck in a _______ ________

A

negative perception

62
Q

Our thought influence our actions in 3 ways:
• The way we perceive and interpret the _______
• The way we regard ________
• The way we set ____ and plan to achieve those goals

A

world; ourselves; goals

63
Q

What are Schemas?

• ____ _________ or categorisations of knowledge based on experience

A

Mental organisations

64
Q

what is the glue that holds together “order” in the chaos of information?

A

Schemas

65
Q

What effects perception, the way we encode, and what we remember?

A

Schemas

66
Q

_____-_______
• Organise and guide the processing of self-related information. Guide what you say and think about yourself, what you do and how you feel.

A

Self-Schemas

67
Q

Personality researchers are interested in ____-schemas

A

self

68
Q

It is easier to encode and recall information that is congruent with your ____-_______

A

self-schema

69
Q

Self-schemas are self-__________

A

perpetuating

70
Q

______ ______ refer to a type of cognitive representation of the type of person we WANT to be

A

Possible selves

71
Q

If you have a strong ________ about a certain thing (are you sociable) you should be able to respond more quickly (yes I am)

A

schema

72
Q

What theory did George Kelly create?

A

Personal Construct Theory

73
Q

_____ _________: are based on perceptions of past experience and used as basis for future perceptions, interpretations and behaviours

A

Mental representations

74
Q

Experience influences ________ > ________ influence how we perceive our experiences

A

constructs x 2

75
Q

According to Kelly _______ therefore consists of the organisation of mental structures through which an individual

A

Personality

76
Q

Personal constructs are _______ _________ (e.g. Accepting vs. rejecting; Good vs. Bad; along which people or objects can be arranged) which allows for __________ _________ (the hierarchical organisation Superordinate and Subordinate bipolar dimensions)

A

bipolar dimensions; constructive alternativism

77
Q

Our personal constructs develop due to the operation of particular interpretative processes (called _________)

A

corollaries

78
Q

How many corollaries are there?

A

11

79
Q

_________ Corollary: the hierarchical organisation of constructs for a given individual

A

Organisation

80
Q

__________ Corollary: Bipolarity of constructs

A

Dichotomy

81
Q

_________ Corollary: we may change constructs, based on experience

A

Experience

82
Q

_________ Corollary: people with similar personal constructs will behave in similar ways

A

Communality

83
Q

Range of __________ Corollary: some constructs are applicable to many situations, but other are more narrow

A

Convenience

84
Q

_______ Corollary: people can freely choose we part of the bipolar dimension applies given a certain situation

A

Choice

85
Q

___________ Corollary: how we are able to construct an understanding of what is going on around us

A

Construction

86
Q

__________ Corollary: How much change is possible within an individuals personal construct

A

Modulation

87
Q

Kelly developed the _______ ____ technique for assessing personality

A

Repertory Grid

88
Q

What generally involves: creating lists of people you know, then, people are compared in the list to elicit an understand of an individual’s personal construct system

A

Repertory Grid Technique

89
Q

What technique by Kelly has been widely applied in the therapeutic and organisation settings

A

Repertory Grid Technique

90
Q

What is a limitation of the repertory Grid technique

A

Issues with the method of assessment have been noted however, as it does not yield a score to interpret; reliant on the ability of someone to describe the constructs they use; and people can interpret words differently

91
Q

In ______’s model, people experiencing psychological problems are not constructing the world around them accurately

A

Kelly

92
Q

Controlled _________: the therapist challenges maladaptive constructs and replace them with new ones

A

elaboration

93
Q

_____ believed people who have emotional problems have irrational beliefs that guide their interpretation of events

A

Ellis

94
Q

Kelly _______ ________ therapy to help clients change these DEMANDING irrational beliefs and replace them with more rational ones

A

rational emotive

95
Q
  • ABC System:
  • ________ Event: (you received a fail, you broke up with a boyfriend)
  • _______ System: (“I will always failure, I will never be good enough”)
  • __________ (emotional): Depressed, anxious
A

Activating; Belief; Consequence

96
Q

What do D, E, and F stand for in rational emotive therapy?

A

Disputation; Education; Feeling

97
Q
  • Point D (_________) the therapist argues their belief and asks for examples and evidence
  • Point E (________) internally looking for irrational beliefs and disputing them (home work)
  • Point F (________) new feelings emerged
A

Disputation; Education; Feeling

98
Q

Ellis Psychological Disturbance

  1. Failure to accept that we are all fallible
  2. “_________”: “I must be good at this, I must win this approval”
  3. ____ disturbance: if we can’t meet certain demands then our ego is hurt
  4. _________ disturbance: the belief that life should always be comfortable
A

Musterbation; Ego; Discomfort

99
Q

Who created Cognitive Therapy?

A

Aaron Beck

100
Q

Negative cognitive triad = negative thinking about the _____, the ______, and the ______

A

self; world; future

101
Q

Does the Cognitive Approach have good empirical validity?

A

good empirical evidence for Ellis’ theory (Kelly’s Rep Grid Test is hard in an experiment)

102
Q

Does the Cognitive Approach have good applied value?

A

great schools of therapy have come from them

103
Q

Does the Cognitive Approach have good Testable concepts?

A

able to test constructs well

104
Q

Does the Cognitive Approach have good Description?

A

Ellis’ theory is very clear, whil Kelly’s relies on complex language

105
Q

Does the Cognitive Approach have good Heuristic value ?

A

Very popular in the UK

106
Q

Does the Cognitive Approach have good explanation?

A

Good description of how our cognition are structured and how these influence behaviour (not enough emphasis on other aspects of behaviour, such as situational determinants

107
Q

Does the Cognitive Approach have good comprehensiveness?

A

do you think Kelly or Ellis provide the more comprehensive theory? haha a question in a question you sucker ;)

108
Q

If a construct continues to predict constructs well, it will have high _________ efficiency

A

predictive

109
Q

What is needed for a personal construct to be maintained according to Kelly?

A

Predictive Efficiency

110
Q

What organises and guides the processing of self-related information, and guides what you say and think about yourself, and what you do and how you feel?

A

Self-Schemas

111
Q

_________ are mental organisations or categorisations of knowledge based on experience

A

schemas

112
Q

Our thoughts influence the way we _______ and interpret the world, the way we regard _________, and the way we set goals and plan to achieve those goals

A

perceive; ourselves

113
Q

_______ _________ are bipolar dimensions that allow for constructive alternativism

A

Personal constructs

114
Q

How are personal constructs arranged?

A

Hierarchical

115
Q

Our personal constructs develop due to the operation of particular interpretative processes called __________

A

corollaries

116
Q

How many corollaries are there?

A

11

117
Q

Name three corollaries

A

Organisations, Dichotomy, experience, communality, range of convenience, construction, choice, modulation

118
Q

Kelly argued that people who share similar personal constructs of a situation are psychologically similar. This is reflected by the ___________ corollary

A

communality

119
Q

What do you do in the Repertory Grid Technique

A

Create and compare lists of people to gain an understanding of an individual’s personal construct system

120
Q

What are the issues with the repertory grid technique?

A

(1) it does not yield a score to interpret (2) it is reliant on the ability of someone to describe the constructs they use (3) people can interpret words differently

121
Q

In Kelly’s model, people experiencing psychological problems are not _________ the world around them accurately

A

constructing

122
Q

Challenging maladaptive constructs and replacing them with new ones occurs during _________ __________

A

Controlled elaboration

123
Q

What does A, B, C, D, E, F meaning in Rational Emotive Therapy?

A

Activating event, Belief system, Consequence, Disputation, Education, Feeling

124
Q

What are the four causes of psychological disturbance according to Ellis?

A

(1) Failure to accept that we are fallible
(2) “Musturbation”
(3) Ego Disturbance
(4) Discomfort disturbance

125
Q

What are the negative cognitive triad components?

A

Negative thinking about the self, the world, and the future

126
Q

Negative thinking about the self, the world, and the future is known as what?

A

Negative cognitive triad

127
Q

In Ellis’ model, irrational beliefs are disputed, but what happens next?

A

Education, then feeling

128
Q

How does this perspective explain psychological problems and importantly, what therapeutic approaches are suggested for treatment?

A

Self discrepancies; Inaccurate construals; Irrational beliefs and Musturbations

Mainly Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, and cognitive therapy proposed by beck

129
Q

You read about cognitive research that investigated word memory in depressed people between depression-associated words and nondepression-associated words. Which of the following was not a group that recalled depression-associated words better than normal people?

A. Clinically depressed patients
B. Non-depressed patients
C. Students simply asked to think about some sad events
D. Mildly depressed college students

A

Non-depressed patients

130
Q

Research on recall for events between men and women has shown that men have better recall of _____ _______ than women.

A

impersonal events

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