Week 11 The Cognitive Approach Flashcards
The ______ Approach explains differences in personality as differences in the way people process information
Cognitive
What approach explains differences in personality as differences in the way people process information?
The Cognitive Approach
An early predecessor to the Cognitive approach can be found in Lewin’s Field Theory of ________
Behaviour
Who wrote: The Psychology of Personal Constructs?
George Kelly
Who created Personal Construct Theory?
George Kelly
Kelly’s Man-the-Scientist is part of what theory?
Personal Construct Theory
Kelly called the cognitive structures we use to interpret and predict events _______ _______
personal constructs
Kelly described constructs as _______ (we classify relevant objects in an either/or fashion; this/that)
bipolar
What did Kelly place as the cause of most psychological problems?
Anxiety
Cognitive-_______ units or cognitive variables are part of a complex system that links the situations we encounter with our behaviour
Affective
How we react to features of the environment depends on our _______ structures
cognitive
Each of us possesses a different set of ______ representations
mental
___-_____ are cognitive representations of ourselves that we use to organise and process self-relevant information
Self-Schemas
What are self-schemas?
They are cognitive representations of ourselves that we use to organise and process self-relevant information
can trait concepts such as independence or friendliness be apart of your self-schema?
Yes
The self-______ effect is When people are asked if a word describes a celebrity- a question that also requires some thinking- they don’t recall the words a swell as when they are asked about themselves
reference
Our behaviour is directed not only by cognitive representations of the way we think of ourselves at the moment, but also by representations of what we might _______
become
Possible _____: are cognitive representations of the kind of persona we might become someday
Selves
What are the two important functions that Possible Selves provide?
- They provide incentives for future behaviour
2. They assist us in interpreting the meaning of our behaviour and the events in our lives
- They provide incentives for future behaviour
2. They assist us in interpreting the meaning of our behaviour and the events in our lives are true of ______ ______
Possible Selves
Possible Selves are useful in predicting future _______
behaviour
Self-Discrepancy Theory Proposes __ different cognitive representations of the self
three
How many cognitive representations of self does the self-discrepancy theory propose?
3
- _____ Self: contains all the info you have about the kind of person you are
- Ideal Self: the mental image of the kind of person you would like to be
- _____ Self: the self you believe you should be
Actual; Ought
- Actual Self: contains all the info you have about the kind of person you are
- _____ Self: the mental image of the kind of person you would like to be
- Ought Self: the self you believe you should be
Ideal
Self-Discrepancy Theory Proposes __ different cognitive representations of the self
3
How many cognitive representations of self are there proposed by self-discrepancy theory?
3
Cognitive therapists identify inappropriate ________ as a cause of mood disorders and self-defeating behaviour
thoughts
The goal of most _______ therapies is to help clients reorganise inappropriate thoughts and replace them with more appropriate ones
cognitive
- Ellis described it as a A-B-C process:
- Activating Experience
- The Irrational Belief
- Emotional Consequence
Belief ; Consequence
Rational Emotive Therapists challenge clients to identify their irrational ______ and see how these beliefs lead them to their faulty conclusions
beliefs
- Ellis described it as a A-B-C process:
- Activating Experience
- The Irrational Belief
- Emotional Consequence
Belief ; Consequence
Rational Emotive Therapists challenge clients to identify their irrational ______ and see how these beliefs lead them to their faulty conclusions
beliefs
_______ constructs are developed before we learn to speak
Preverbal
What is a criticism of the Repertory Grid Technique?
It does not generate a simple test score
Aggressive behaviour _____ represent ways to act that we have learned and sometimes practiced
scripts
A full understanding of ________ behaviour requires that we also examine the cognitions that come into play when people encounter a potentially threatening or dangerous situation
aggressive
Aggressive behaviour _____ represent ways to act that we have learned and sometimes practiced
scripts
_____ Aggression the angry and aggressive way some boys respond to even mild frustrations or provocations
Reactive
Investigations have found two differences in the way men and women organise information in memory
- The genders differ in the extent to which self-relevant information is associated with emotions
- Men and women differ in the extent to which info about themselves is connected with info about personal ___________
relationships
Investigations have found two differences in the way men and women organise information in memory
- The genders differ in the extent to which self-relevant information is associated with ________
- Men and women differ in the extent to which info about themselves is connected with info about personal relationships
emotions
Investigations have found two differences in the way men and women organise information in memory
- The genders differ in the extent to which self-relevant information is associated with _______
- Men and women differ in the extent to which info about themselves is connected with info about personal _________
emotions; relationships
_____ (Women/Men) are more likely to pay attention to their emotions and the emotions of others
Women
Men develop __________ Self-Construals: Men’s self-concepts are relatively unrelated to the cognitive representations they have for other people
Independent
Men develop Independent Self-Construals: Men’s self-concepts are relatively _______ to the cognitive representations they have for other people
unrelated
Women develop ___________ Self-Construals: women’s self-concepts are highly related to the cognitive representations they have of others and their relationships with those people
Interdependent
Women develop Interdependent Self-Construals: women’s self-concepts are highly related to the ________ representations they have of others and their relationships with those people
cognitive
_________ people not only remember sad experiences more easily but may also have difficulty keeping themselves from generating one depressing thought after another
Depressed
Depressing thoughts are tied to depressing _______
feelings
The ________ perspective argues that depressing thoughts can cause people to become depressed
cognitive
The thoughts of depressed people are sometimes called Depressive _______ Triads:
- Have negative thoughts about themselves
- Pessimistic about the ______
- Interpret ongoing experiences in a negative manner
Cognitive; future
The thoughts of depressed people are sometimes called Depressive Cognitive Triads:
- Have negative thoughts about _________
- Pessimistic about the future
- Interpret ongoing __________ in a negative manner
themselves; experiences
_______ Schema (or Depressive Schema): is a cognitive structure containing memories about and associates with depressing events and thoughts
Negative
There are similarities between learned helplessness and _________
Depression
Negative _______ Style: people with this negative ________ style attribute their problems to stable (enduring) and global (widespread) causes
Cognitive x 2
Negative Cognitive Styles are personality variables that are fairly ______ over time
stable
Negative Cognitive Style is related to ________
Depression
Main assumptions of the cognitive perspective:
- Sees the human being as a complex but orderly ______ _______ system
- We integrate, organise, store, and retrieve _________
- We develop characteristic patterns of _________
information processing; information; thinking
We are surrounded by a mass of information that we attempt to only group and process things and selectively _____ to attend to only some stimuli.
choose
Cognitive organisation is beneficial as it saves ______ ________ and allows us to understand events using small pieces of information
mental resources
Cognitive organisation, however, can be bad, as we might get stuck in a _______ ________
negative perception
Our thought influence our actions in 3 ways:
• The way we perceive and interpret the _______
• The way we regard ________
• The way we set ____ and plan to achieve those goals
world; ourselves; goals
What are Schemas?
• ____ _________ or categorisations of knowledge based on experience
Mental organisations
what is the glue that holds together “order” in the chaos of information?
Schemas
What effects perception, the way we encode, and what we remember?
Schemas
_____-_______
• Organise and guide the processing of self-related information. Guide what you say and think about yourself, what you do and how you feel.
Self-Schemas
Personality researchers are interested in ____-schemas
self
It is easier to encode and recall information that is congruent with your ____-_______
self-schema
Self-schemas are self-__________
perpetuating
______ ______ refer to a type of cognitive representation of the type of person we WANT to be
Possible selves
If you have a strong ________ about a certain thing (are you sociable) you should be able to respond more quickly (yes I am)
schema
What theory did George Kelly create?
Personal Construct Theory
_____ _________: are based on perceptions of past experience and used as basis for future perceptions, interpretations and behaviours
Mental representations
Experience influences ________ > ________ influence how we perceive our experiences
constructs x 2
According to Kelly _______ therefore consists of the organisation of mental structures through which an individual
Personality
Personal constructs are _______ _________ (e.g. Accepting vs. rejecting; Good vs. Bad; along which people or objects can be arranged) which allows for __________ _________ (the hierarchical organisation Superordinate and Subordinate bipolar dimensions)
bipolar dimensions; constructive alternativism
Our personal constructs develop due to the operation of particular interpretative processes (called _________)
corollaries
How many corollaries are there?
11
_________ Corollary: the hierarchical organisation of constructs for a given individual
Organisation
__________ Corollary: Bipolarity of constructs
Dichotomy
_________ Corollary: we may change constructs, based on experience
Experience
_________ Corollary: people with similar personal constructs will behave in similar ways
Communality
Range of __________ Corollary: some constructs are applicable to many situations, but other are more narrow
Convenience
_______ Corollary: people can freely choose we part of the bipolar dimension applies given a certain situation
Choice
___________ Corollary: how we are able to construct an understanding of what is going on around us
Construction
__________ Corollary: How much change is possible within an individuals personal construct
Modulation
Kelly developed the _______ ____ technique for assessing personality
Repertory Grid
What generally involves: creating lists of people you know, then, people are compared in the list to elicit an understand of an individual’s personal construct system
Repertory Grid Technique
What technique by Kelly has been widely applied in the therapeutic and organisation settings
Repertory Grid Technique
What is a limitation of the repertory Grid technique
Issues with the method of assessment have been noted however, as it does not yield a score to interpret; reliant on the ability of someone to describe the constructs they use; and people can interpret words differently
In ______’s model, people experiencing psychological problems are not constructing the world around them accurately
Kelly
Controlled _________: the therapist challenges maladaptive constructs and replace them with new ones
elaboration
_____ believed people who have emotional problems have irrational beliefs that guide their interpretation of events
Ellis
Kelly _______ ________ therapy to help clients change these DEMANDING irrational beliefs and replace them with more rational ones
rational emotive
- ABC System:
- ________ Event: (you received a fail, you broke up with a boyfriend)
- _______ System: (“I will always failure, I will never be good enough”)
- __________ (emotional): Depressed, anxious
Activating; Belief; Consequence
What do D, E, and F stand for in rational emotive therapy?
Disputation; Education; Feeling
- Point D (_________) the therapist argues their belief and asks for examples and evidence
- Point E (________) internally looking for irrational beliefs and disputing them (home work)
- Point F (________) new feelings emerged
Disputation; Education; Feeling
Ellis Psychological Disturbance
- Failure to accept that we are all fallible
- “_________”: “I must be good at this, I must win this approval”
- ____ disturbance: if we can’t meet certain demands then our ego is hurt
- _________ disturbance: the belief that life should always be comfortable
Musterbation; Ego; Discomfort
Who created Cognitive Therapy?
Aaron Beck
Negative cognitive triad = negative thinking about the _____, the ______, and the ______
self; world; future
Does the Cognitive Approach have good empirical validity?
good empirical evidence for Ellis’ theory (Kelly’s Rep Grid Test is hard in an experiment)
Does the Cognitive Approach have good applied value?
great schools of therapy have come from them
Does the Cognitive Approach have good Testable concepts?
able to test constructs well
Does the Cognitive Approach have good Description?
Ellis’ theory is very clear, whil Kelly’s relies on complex language
Does the Cognitive Approach have good Heuristic value ?
Very popular in the UK
Does the Cognitive Approach have good explanation?
Good description of how our cognition are structured and how these influence behaviour (not enough emphasis on other aspects of behaviour, such as situational determinants
Does the Cognitive Approach have good comprehensiveness?
do you think Kelly or Ellis provide the more comprehensive theory? haha a question in a question you sucker ;)
If a construct continues to predict constructs well, it will have high _________ efficiency
predictive
What is needed for a personal construct to be maintained according to Kelly?
Predictive Efficiency
What organises and guides the processing of self-related information, and guides what you say and think about yourself, and what you do and how you feel?
Self-Schemas
_________ are mental organisations or categorisations of knowledge based on experience
schemas
Our thoughts influence the way we _______ and interpret the world, the way we regard _________, and the way we set goals and plan to achieve those goals
perceive; ourselves
_______ _________ are bipolar dimensions that allow for constructive alternativism
Personal constructs
How are personal constructs arranged?
Hierarchical
Our personal constructs develop due to the operation of particular interpretative processes called __________
corollaries
How many corollaries are there?
11
Name three corollaries
Organisations, Dichotomy, experience, communality, range of convenience, construction, choice, modulation
Kelly argued that people who share similar personal constructs of a situation are psychologically similar. This is reflected by the ___________ corollary
communality
What do you do in the Repertory Grid Technique
Create and compare lists of people to gain an understanding of an individual’s personal construct system
What are the issues with the repertory grid technique?
(1) it does not yield a score to interpret (2) it is reliant on the ability of someone to describe the constructs they use (3) people can interpret words differently
In Kelly’s model, people experiencing psychological problems are not _________ the world around them accurately
constructing
Challenging maladaptive constructs and replacing them with new ones occurs during _________ __________
Controlled elaboration
What does A, B, C, D, E, F meaning in Rational Emotive Therapy?
Activating event, Belief system, Consequence, Disputation, Education, Feeling
What are the four causes of psychological disturbance according to Ellis?
(1) Failure to accept that we are fallible
(2) “Musturbation”
(3) Ego Disturbance
(4) Discomfort disturbance
What are the negative cognitive triad components?
Negative thinking about the self, the world, and the future
Negative thinking about the self, the world, and the future is known as what?
Negative cognitive triad
In Ellis’ model, irrational beliefs are disputed, but what happens next?
Education, then feeling
How does this perspective explain psychological problems and importantly, what therapeutic approaches are suggested for treatment?
Self discrepancies; Inaccurate construals; Irrational beliefs and Musturbations
Mainly Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, and cognitive therapy proposed by beck
You read about cognitive research that investigated word memory in depressed people between depression-associated words and nondepression-associated words. Which of the following was not a group that recalled depression-associated words better than normal people?
A. Clinically depressed patients
B. Non-depressed patients
C. Students simply asked to think about some sad events
D. Mildly depressed college students
Non-depressed patients
Research on recall for events between men and women has shown that men have better recall of _____ _______ than women.
impersonal events
