Week 6 Trait Perspective Flashcards
1
Q
The _____ Approach identifies relatively stable features of your personality that distinguish you from other individuals
A
Trait
2
Q
______ systems discovered how many types of people there were, then identified each persons type
A
Typology
3
Q
The ______ divided people into 4 groups: Sanguine; Melancholic; Choleric; and Phlegmatic
A
Greeks
4
Q
- _____ (Happy)
- Melancholic (Unhappy)
- _____ (Temperamental)
- Phlegmatic (Apathetic)
A
Sanguine; Choleric
5
Q
- _____ (Obese)
- Mesomorphic (Muscular)
- Ectomorphic (Fragile)
A
Endomorphic
6
Q
Are Typologies still used as accurate identifiers of personality today?
A
No
7
Q
The Typology approach has been replaced with the ____ Approach
A
Trait
8
Q
All personality characteristics can be illustrated on the trait ______
A
continuum
9
Q
- Trait Psychologists identify characteristics that can be represented along a _______
A
continuum
10
Q
- If we were to measure a large number of people and place their scores at appropriate points along the continuum, the scores would be ______ _______
A
Normally Distributed
11
Q
A _____ is a dimension of personality used to categorize people according to the degree to which they manifest a particular characteristic
A
Trait
12
Q
What are the two Assumptions of the Trait Approach?
A
Personality characteristics are relatively stable over time
; Personality Characteristics are also stable across situations
13
Q
Unlike other approaches, no major schools of ______ have evolved from the trait approach to personality
A
psychotherapy
14
Q
Gordon Allport acknowledged the _______ of the trait concept from the beginning
A
limitations
15
Q
______ Approach: All people can be described along a single dimension according to their level of a certain trait
A
Nomothetic
16
Q
Allport referred to traits that apply to everyone _____ traits
A
common
17
Q
______ Approach: Identify the unique combination of traits that best accounts for the personality of a single individual
A
Idiographic
18
Q
The 5-10 traits that best describe an individual, Allport called the ____ Traits
A
Central
19
Q
Allport originally proposed that occasionally a ____ trait will dominate a personality
A
single
20
Q
The advantage of using the ________ approach is that the person, not the researcher, determines what traits to examine
A
idiographic
21
Q
The Thematic Apperception Test was created by which Trait Psychologist?
A
Henry Murray
22
Q
Henry Murray called his approach ______
A
Personology
23
Q
Henry Murray identified _____ as the basic elements of personality
A
needs
24
Q
Murray described _______ needs as “those with readiness to respond in a certain way under certain conditions”
A
Psychological
25
Murray created a list of __ psychogenic needs
27
26
Murray recognised that whether a need is activated depends on the situation, which he called the;
Press
27
What was the statistical technique employed in the work of Raymond Cattell?
Factor Analysis
28
Cattell called the basic traits that make up the human personality ____ Traits
Source
29
The research undertaken by Donald _____ roughly identified five factors of social adaptability
Fiske
30
• The big 5 are:
1. ________
2. Extraversion
3. Openness
4. _________
5. Conscientiousness
Neuroticism; Agreeableness
31
• The big 5 are:
1. Neuroticism
2. ________
3. Openness
4. Agreeableness
5. ____________
Extraversion; Conscientiousness;
32
The trait of _____: Places people along a continuum according to their emotional stability and personal adjustment
Neuroticism
33
People who frequently experience emotional distress and wide swings in emotions will score high on measures of _______
Neuroticism
34
Individuals low in ______ tend to be calm, well adjusted, and not prone to extreme emotional reactions
Neuroticism
35
The Personality factor of ________ places extreme extroverts at one end and extreme introverts at the other
Extraversion
36
_______ are very sociable people who also tend to be energetic, optimistic, friendly, and assertive
Extraverts
37
______ refers to openness to experience rather than openness in an interpersonal sense
Openness
38
People high in _______ have active imagination, a willingness to consider new ideas, divergent thinking, and intellectual curiosity
Openness
39
Some people high in Openness are also called _______
Intellects
40
People high in ________ are helpful, trusting, and sympathetic
agreeableness
41
The ________ dimension of the big 5 refers to how controlled and self-disciplined we are
conscientiousness
42
People high in _______ are organised, plan-oriented, and determined
conscientiousness
43
Older adults tend to be higher than younger adults in Conscientiousness and __________
Agreeableness
44
1; Trait Measures Do Not Predict Behaviour Well; and 2 There is Little Evidence for Cross-Cultural Consistency are the two major criticisms for the _____ approach
Trait
45
The way of looking at the relationship among traits, situations, and behaviours is called the ____-by-______ Approach
Person; Situation
46
A personality trait may be a good predictor of behaviour, but psychologists will never know if they don’t measure behaviour _______
reliably
47
As an alternative to one-item measurement, researchers can _______ data
aggregate
48
A trait is more likely to predict a person’s ________ if that trait is important, or central, for the person
behaviour
49
Another argument on the side of personality traits concerns the significance of .30 to ___ correlation coefficients
.40
50
"importance" or statistical results is a _______ judgement
subjective
51
______ tests have been used to make hiring and promotion decisions in the workplace for years
Personality
52
Out of the Big Five personality factors, __________ might be the best predictor of job performance
Conscientiousness
53
The __________ __________ Personality Inventory is a prototypic self-report inventory test
Minnesota Multiphasic
54
The MMPI-2 contains 567 ____/_____ Items
True/False
55
What are common problems with self-report inventories?
Faking, Carelessness and Sabotage, and response tendencies
56
Social ________: the extent to which people present themselves in a favourable light
Desirability
57
Predicating _______ in achievement situations has been a focus of personality research
success
58
The _______ _______ Test is sometimes used to assess the Need for Achievement
Thematic Apperception
59
High need achievers are ______ risk takers
moderate
60
Living in either _________ or _________ cultures can predict need for achievement behaviour
individualistic; collectivist
61
What are the three dimensions of attribution?
Stability, Locus, and Control
62
Achievement _____ provide targets that people aspire to in achievement situations
Goals
63
_____ Goals: are concerned with developing confidence
Mastery
64
_______ Goals: are concerned with demonstrating accomplishment to other
Performance
65
(Mastery/Performance) goals lead to high achievement
Mastery
66
Type _ individuals are strongly motivated to overcome obstacles and are driven to achieve
A
67
Type _ people are relaxed and unhurried
B
68
There are _ major components that make up a type A trait
3
69
______ is a toxic component to Type A behaviour and might be related to coronary problems
Hostility
70
_______ appears to be a widespread social problem
Shyness
71
_____ ______ is anxiety specifically related to social interactions or anticipated social interactions
Social Anxiety
72
Shy people are not necessarily ______
Introverts
73
Evaluation ________: socially anxious people are afraid of what other people think of them
Apprehension
74
Researchers find more shyness in what cultures?
Collectivist
75
We can identify relatively stable ______ in emotions that differ person to person
patterns
76
There are _____ ways our emotions can be examined as relatively stable personal characteristics
three
77
Researchers use ____ _____ to examine the relation among various emotions
factor analysis
78
The behaviour most consistently associated with high positive emotional affect is ____ ____
Social Activity
79
Emotional ________: refers to a person’s outward display of emotions
Expressiveness
80
Expressing our _______ seems to be good for our psychological health
emotions
81
people from _________ cultures are more pessimistic
collectivist
82
Types vs. Traits
Types = you are a single ‘type’ of person
_____ = you can be described as having several traits
Traits
83
```
Types – Humor
• Choleric – yellow bile – irritable
• __________ – black bile – depressed
• _________ – blood – optimistic
• Phlegmatic – phlegm – calm
```
Melancholic; Sanguine
84
Distinguishing qualities or characteristics of a person are known as _______
Traits
85
A ______ is a dimension of personality used to categorise someone according to the degree to which they manifest a particular characteristic
Trait
86
What is the key assumption of Trait theory?
That personality characteristics are relatively stable across time and situations (unpredictability then would be the exception not the rule)
87
The ______ approach does not try and predict the behaviour of one person in a given situation
Trait
88
Does the trait approach have a school of psychotherapy?
No, it is the only one that does not.
89
The goals of trait approach are to ________ and ________ behaviour
describe; describe
90
Gordan _______ believed in the individuality and uniqueness of the person and that people have consistent personalities
Allport
91
Personality Measurement: _________ approach identifies common personality traits while the ________ approach identifies personal dispositions
Nomothetic; idiographic
92
Allport: Different Types of Traits
• _______: Single trait which may dominate a personality and heavily influence behaviour
• _______: Those 5 to 10 traits which best describe someone’s personality
• Secondary: Not core to personality, less general applicably (only expressed in certain situations)
Cardinal: Central
93
* Cattell: __ traits
* Costa and McCrae: _ traits
* Eysenck: _ traits
* Murray: __ needs
16, 5, 3, 27
94
________: source of information about personality
Language
95
Raymond _______ identified 4500 words and narrowed down into 171 trait names
Cattell
96
Cattell identified __ personality Factors
16
97
What personality measurement did Cattle use?
the 16PF
98
• Cattell gathered information about personality from different sources:
1. _-data: questionnaire data
2. _-data: Life data (info gathered about a person’s life)
3. _-data: test data (observational accounts)
Q, L, T
99
The Big Five
• 5 ____________ traits well supported by a wide variety of research
• Commonly measured by the ___-PIR
Superordinate; NEO
100
What are the Big 5 according to the NEO?
Openness to Experience; Conscientiousness; Extraversion; Agreeableness; Neuroticism
101
________ __ _________: high scores associated with being imaginative, original, artistic, intellectual
Openness to Experience
102
____________: High scores being associated with being dependable, organised, responsible, also a good predictor of job success
Conscientiousness
103
___________: High scores being associated with energetic, enthusiastic, sociable, and dominant
Extraversion
104
__________: High scores being associated with friendly, cooperative, trusting and warm
Agreeableness
105
___________: High scores being associated with nervous, tense, moody
Neuroticism
106
The big 5 are measured by different ______
Facets
107
```
_________ facets are:
Anxiety
Angry hostility
Depression
Self-consciousness
Impulsivity
Vulnerability
```
Neuroticism
108
```
________ facets are:
Warmth
Gregariousness
Assertiveness
Activity
Excitement seeking
Positive Emotion
```
Extraversion
109
```
_________ facets are:
Fantasy
Aesthetics
Feelings
Actions
Ideas
Values
```
Openness to Experience
110
```
___________ facets are:
Trust
Straightforwardness
Altruism
Compliance
Modesty
Tender-mindedness
```
Agreeableness
111
```
__________ facets are:
Competence
Order
Dutifulness
Achievement striving
Self-Discipline
Deliberation
```
Conscientious
112
Eysenck’s Big 3 Factors
• Biological model which proposes 3 factors
1. __________
2. ___________
3. Psychoticism: tendency toward psychopathology (which involves impulsivity and cruelty); low conscientiousness and agreeableness
Extraversion; Neuroticism
113
_______ created the EPQ test
Eysenck
114
Assumption: behaviour is driven by an internal state of disequilibrium was made by who?
Henry Murray
115
Basic Elements of personality are _____ in Murray’s model
needs
116
Primary (_________) needs: water, food, air, sex,
| Secondary (__________) needs (N=27): nurturance, achievement, affiliation
viscerogenic; psychogenic
117
According to Murray, needs are arranged in a __________ order
hierarchical
118
________ used the Thematic Apperception Test as a test of personality of needs
Murray
119
What are the 3 major needs according to Murray?
Need for Power; Need for Affiliation; Need for Achievement
120
__________ Motivation
• According to Murray, the need to attain high standard and to be driven to succeed on tasks that are set out by society
• Implicit vs. self-attributed achievement motivation
Achievement
121
People high in the need for achievement are _______ risk takers
moderate
122
what are the attributions in achievement motivation?
Stability, Locus, and Control
123
• Are you motivated to succeed to develop a sense of mastery of the material or to demonstrate your accomplishment with others? (This represents ________ and __________ goals?
mastery; performance
124
Mastery and performance goals can be further distinguished by ________ and ________ goals
approach; avoidance
125
Strengths of trait approach
• Description: this approach helps us to _______ personality
• ________ ________: traits can be operationalised
• Parsimony: Could be argued for and against
• Heuristic Value: definitely has produced a lot of research
• Applied Value: very practical; especially across different settings
simplify; Testable Concepts
126
Criticisms
• Testable Concepts: Reliance on self-report inventories raises issues such as faking, acquiescence and social desirability
• _________: does not state origins of personality according to this perspective, only identifies
• __________ Validity: Trait measures do not always predict behaviour well (situation vs. trait controversy) ________ and _________ low correlations.
Explanations; Empirical; personality and behaviour
127
Traits are relatively stable, but ________ fluctuate
emotions
128
• We can however generally identify relatively stable patterns in emotions:
_________
_________
_________
Affectivity; Intensity; Expressiveness
129
________ Affect: excited, enthusiastic, strong, and happy (related to social activity and relationships)
Positive
130
_______ Affect: distressed, fearful, sad, nervous,
Negative
131
_________
• Applies to both positive and negative emotions
• Refers to the strength which people typically experience emotions
Intensity
132
How much a person displays their emotions (non-verbal cues) is known as __________
Expressiveness
133
People are relatively consistent as to whether they view the world in a positive or negative light, this is referred to as __________ __________
dispositional optimism
134
Seligmen's learned optimism ABC format:
• A _______
• B _______ about adversity
• C consequences of such beliefs
adversity; beliefs
135
The key to learning optimism is in the formation of beliefs about ________
adversity
136
Are trait researchers interested in predicting behaviour?
No
137
What do trait researches research? what type of prediction?
How people who score within a certain segment on the trait continuum typically behave
138
The ________ approach assumes that all people can be described along a single continuum according to their level of a certain trait; the ________ approach identifies the unique combination of traits that best accounts for the personality of a single individual
The nomothetic; idiographic
139
According to Allport, on the rare occasion that a single trait will dominate a personality, it should be called a _______ trait
Cardinal
140
What is one advantage of using the idiographic approach?
The participant not the researcher chooses what traits to examine
141
Explain a "press"
The situation which activates a need (the need for order is activated by a messy room)
142
Out of the Big 5 _________ places people along a continuum according to their emotional stability and personal adjustment
Neuroticism
143
Out of the Big 5 _________ places extreme extroverts at one end, and extreme introverts at the other
extroversion
144
Out of the Big 5 people high in _________ have an active imagination, a willingness to consider new ideas, divergent thinking, and intellectual curiosity
openness
145
Out of the Big 5 _________ people are trusting, helpful, and sympathetic
agreeable
146
Out of the Big 5 ___________ refers to how controlled an self-disciplined we are. People high on this are organised, plan oriented, and determined
Conscientiousness
147
People high in ________ tend to become more upset over daily stressors than those low on this dimension and are more vulnerable to bouts of anxiety and depression
Neuroticism
148
People low in ________ tend to be calm, well adjusted, and not prone to extreme emotional reactions
neuroticism
149
_______ are highly sociable people who also tend to be energetic, optimistic, friendly, and assertive
Extroverts
150
Research suggests that we have an explicit and implicit need for _________
achievement
151
What are the three dimensions or attribution?
Locus, Control, Stability
152
A type _ individual is strongly motivated to overcome obstacles and are driven to achieve
A
153
A type _ person is relaxed and unhurried
B
154
________ is the major toxic component of Type A behaviour
Hostility
155
People high in __________ tend to have strong reactions to the small frustrations and inconveniences we all experience
Hostility
156
_______ ________ is anxiety specifically related to social interactions or anticipated social interactions
Social Anxiety
157
People high in ________ _______ expect their social interactions to go poorly and look for evidence that the other person is rejecting them
social anxiety
158
E____________ A____________ is the underlying cause of social anxiety
Evaluation Apprehension
159
Do collectivist or individualistic cultures have more shyness?
Collectivist
160
What are the three personality aspects of emotion?
Affectivity; Intensity; Expressinveness
161
The behaviour most consistently associated with high positive affect is _______ activity
Social
162
High scores on negative affect are generally related to psychological ________
stress
163
Research states that collectivist cultures are more (optimistic/pessimistic); and individualistic cultures are more (optimistic/pessimistic)
Pessimistic; optimistic
164
_________ deal with adverse situations better than _________
Optimists; Pessimists
165
Raymond Cattle came up with the personality measurement of __ personality factors
16
166
L-data is ____ data, (school records, behavioural records)
life
167
What big five factor is related to: imaginative, original, artistic, intellectual
Openness to Experience
168
What big five factor is related to: being dependable, organised, responsible
Conscientiousness
169
What big five factor is related to being warm, friendly, cooperative, and trusting
Agreeableness
170
What big five factor is related to being nervous, tense, moody
Neuroticism
171
```
A_______
Angry hostility
D________
Self-consciousness
Impulsivity
Vulnerability
```
are related to _________
Anxiety; Depression; Neuroticism
172
```
_________
Gregariousness
Assertiveness
A_______
Excitement seeking
Positive emotions
```
are related to ________
Warmth; activity; Extroversion
173
```
Fantasy
Aesthetics
________
_______
Ideas
Values
```
are related to ______ _ __________
Feelings; Actions; Openness to experience
174
```
Trust
Straightforwardness
________
Compliance
_________
Tender-mindedness
```
are related to _________
Altruism; Modesty; Agreeableness
175
```
Competence
O______
Dutifulness
Achievement striving
Self-______
Deliberation
```
are related to _______
Order; discipline; Conscientiousness
176
In Murray's Model, primary or secondary needs are more important in personality research?
Secondary, because they are psychogenic
177
A person who is excited, enthusiastic, strong, and happy could show high positive _______
Affect
178
A person who is distressed, fearful, and sad shows high negative ________
affect
179
What big 5 factor is high on Assertiveness
Extraversion
180
What big 5 factor is high on Altruism?
Agreeableness
181
What big 5 factor is high on warmth?
Agreeableness
182
What big 5 factor is high on impulsivity ?
Neuroticism
183
What big 5 factor is high on modesty ?
Agreeableness
184
What big 5 factor is high on Depression?
Neuroticism
185
What big 5 factor is high on feelings?
Openness
186
What big 5 factor is high on fantasy ?
Openness
187
What big 5 factor is high on order?
Conscientiousness
188
What big 5 factor is high on self-discipline ?
Conscientiousness
189
What big 5 factor is high on excitement seeking?
Extraversion
190
According to Eysenck, if you were high in impulsivity and cruelty, and low on conscientiousness and agreeableness you would load on the ________ factor
psychoticism
191
Cattle called the basic traits that make up the human personality ______ traits
source
192
Ashton and Lee Identified what 6 trait that could be considered a part of the big 5?
Honesty-Humility
193
Ashton and Lee Identified what 6 trait that could be considered a part of the big 5?
Honesty-Humility
194
What is Q-data?
Questionnaire data; self reports
195
What is L-data?
Life data; info gathered about a personas life; such as school records
196
What is T data?
Test data; Observational accounts
