Week 6 Trait Perspective Flashcards
The _____ Approach identifies relatively stable features of your personality that distinguish you from other individuals
Trait
______ systems discovered how many types of people there were, then identified each persons type
Typology
The ______ divided people into 4 groups: Sanguine; Melancholic; Choleric; and Phlegmatic
Greeks
- _____ (Happy)
- Melancholic (Unhappy)
- _____ (Temperamental)
- Phlegmatic (Apathetic)
Sanguine; Choleric
- _____ (Obese)
- Mesomorphic (Muscular)
- Ectomorphic (Fragile)
Endomorphic
Are Typologies still used as accurate identifiers of personality today?
No
The Typology approach has been replaced with the ____ Approach
Trait
All personality characteristics can be illustrated on the trait ______
continuum
- Trait Psychologists identify characteristics that can be represented along a _______
continuum
- If we were to measure a large number of people and place their scores at appropriate points along the continuum, the scores would be ______ _______
Normally Distributed
A _____ is a dimension of personality used to categorize people according to the degree to which they manifest a particular characteristic
Trait
What are the two Assumptions of the Trait Approach?
Personality characteristics are relatively stable over time
; Personality Characteristics are also stable across situations
Unlike other approaches, no major schools of ______ have evolved from the trait approach to personality
psychotherapy
Gordon Allport acknowledged the _______ of the trait concept from the beginning
limitations
______ Approach: All people can be described along a single dimension according to their level of a certain trait
Nomothetic
Allport referred to traits that apply to everyone _____ traits
common
______ Approach: Identify the unique combination of traits that best accounts for the personality of a single individual
Idiographic
The 5-10 traits that best describe an individual, Allport called the ____ Traits
Central
Allport originally proposed that occasionally a ____ trait will dominate a personality
single
The advantage of using the ________ approach is that the person, not the researcher, determines what traits to examine
idiographic
The Thematic Apperception Test was created by which Trait Psychologist?
Henry Murray
Henry Murray called his approach ______
Personology
Henry Murray identified _____ as the basic elements of personality
needs
Murray described _______ needs as “those with readiness to respond in a certain way under certain conditions”
Psychological
Murray created a list of __ psychogenic needs
27
Murray recognised that whether a need is activated depends on the situation, which he called the;
Press
What was the statistical technique employed in the work of Raymond Cattell?
Factor Analysis
Cattell called the basic traits that make up the human personality ____ Traits
Source
The research undertaken by Donald _____ roughly identified five factors of social adaptability
Fiske
• The big 5 are:
- ________
- Extraversion
- Openness
- _________
- Conscientiousness
Neuroticism; Agreeableness
• The big 5 are:
- Neuroticism
- ________
- Openness
- Agreeableness
- ____________
Extraversion; Conscientiousness;
The trait of _____: Places people along a continuum according to their emotional stability and personal adjustment
Neuroticism
People who frequently experience emotional distress and wide swings in emotions will score high on measures of _______
Neuroticism
Individuals low in ______ tend to be calm, well adjusted, and not prone to extreme emotional reactions
Neuroticism
The Personality factor of ________ places extreme extroverts at one end and extreme introverts at the other
Extraversion
_______ are very sociable people who also tend to be energetic, optimistic, friendly, and assertive
Extraverts
______ refers to openness to experience rather than openness in an interpersonal sense
Openness
People high in _______ have active imagination, a willingness to consider new ideas, divergent thinking, and intellectual curiosity
Openness
Some people high in Openness are also called _______
Intellects
People high in ________ are helpful, trusting, and sympathetic
agreeableness
The ________ dimension of the big 5 refers to how controlled and self-disciplined we are
conscientiousness
People high in _______ are organised, plan-oriented, and determined
conscientiousness
Older adults tend to be higher than younger adults in Conscientiousness and __________
Agreeableness
1; Trait Measures Do Not Predict Behaviour Well; and 2 There is Little Evidence for Cross-Cultural Consistency are the two major criticisms for the _____ approach
Trait
The way of looking at the relationship among traits, situations, and behaviours is called the ____-by-______ Approach
Person; Situation
A personality trait may be a good predictor of behaviour, but psychologists will never know if they don’t measure behaviour _______
reliably
As an alternative to one-item measurement, researchers can _______ data
aggregate
A trait is more likely to predict a person’s ________ if that trait is important, or central, for the person
behaviour
Another argument on the side of personality traits concerns the significance of .30 to ___ correlation coefficients
.40
“importance” or statistical results is a _______ judgement
subjective
______ tests have been used to make hiring and promotion decisions in the workplace for years
Personality
Out of the Big Five personality factors, __________ might be the best predictor of job performance
Conscientiousness
The __________ __________ Personality Inventory is a prototypic self-report inventory test
Minnesota Multiphasic
The MMPI-2 contains 567 ____/_____ Items
True/False
What are common problems with self-report inventories?
Faking, Carelessness and Sabotage, and response tendencies
Social ________: the extent to which people present themselves in a favourable light
Desirability
Predicating _______ in achievement situations has been a focus of personality research
success
The _______ _______ Test is sometimes used to assess the Need for Achievement
Thematic Apperception
High need achievers are ______ risk takers
moderate
Living in either _________ or _________ cultures can predict need for achievement behaviour
individualistic; collectivist
What are the three dimensions of attribution?
Stability, Locus, and Control
Achievement _____ provide targets that people aspire to in achievement situations
Goals
_____ Goals: are concerned with developing confidence
Mastery
_______ Goals: are concerned with demonstrating accomplishment to other
Performance
(Mastery/Performance) goals lead to high achievement
Mastery
Type _ individuals are strongly motivated to overcome obstacles and are driven to achieve
A
Type _ people are relaxed and unhurried
B
There are _ major components that make up a type A trait
3
______ is a toxic component to Type A behaviour and might be related to coronary problems
Hostility
_______ appears to be a widespread social problem
Shyness
_____ ______ is anxiety specifically related to social interactions or anticipated social interactions
Social Anxiety
Shy people are not necessarily ______
Introverts
Evaluation ________: socially anxious people are afraid of what other people think of them
Apprehension
Researchers find more shyness in what cultures?
Collectivist
We can identify relatively stable ______ in emotions that differ person to person
patterns
There are _____ ways our emotions can be examined as relatively stable personal characteristics
three
Researchers use ____ _____ to examine the relation among various emotions
factor analysis
The behaviour most consistently associated with high positive emotional affect is ____ ____
Social Activity
Emotional ________: refers to a person’s outward display of emotions
Expressiveness
Expressing our _______ seems to be good for our psychological health
emotions
people from _________ cultures are more pessimistic
collectivist
Types vs. Traits
Types = you are a single ‘type’ of person
_____ = you can be described as having several traits
Traits
Types – Humor • Choleric – yellow bile – irritable • \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – black bile – depressed • \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – blood – optimistic • Phlegmatic – phlegm – calm
Melancholic; Sanguine
Distinguishing qualities or characteristics of a person are known as _______
Traits
A ______ is a dimension of personality used to categorise someone according to the degree to which they manifest a particular characteristic
Trait
What is the key assumption of Trait theory?
That personality characteristics are relatively stable across time and situations (unpredictability then would be the exception not the rule)
The ______ approach does not try and predict the behaviour of one person in a given situation
Trait
Does the trait approach have a school of psychotherapy?
No, it is the only one that does not.
The goals of trait approach are to ________ and ________ behaviour
describe; describe
Gordan _______ believed in the individuality and uniqueness of the person and that people have consistent personalities
Allport
Personality Measurement: _________ approach identifies common personality traits while the ________ approach identifies personal dispositions
Nomothetic; idiographic
Allport: Different Types of Traits
• _______: Single trait which may dominate a personality and heavily influence behaviour
• _______: Those 5 to 10 traits which best describe someone’s personality
• Secondary: Not core to personality, less general applicably (only expressed in certain situations)
Cardinal: Central
- Cattell: __ traits
- Costa and McCrae: _ traits
- Eysenck: _ traits
- Murray: __ needs
16, 5, 3, 27
________: source of information about personality
Language
Raymond _______ identified 4500 words and narrowed down into 171 trait names
Cattell
Cattell identified __ personality Factors
16
What personality measurement did Cattle use?
the 16PF
• Cattell gathered information about personality from different sources:
- _-data: questionnaire data
- _-data: Life data (info gathered about a person’s life)
- _-data: test data (observational accounts)
Q, L, T
The Big Five
• 5 ____________ traits well supported by a wide variety of research
• Commonly measured by the ___-PIR
Superordinate; NEO
What are the Big 5 according to the NEO?
Openness to Experience; Conscientiousness; Extraversion; Agreeableness; Neuroticism
________ __ _________: high scores associated with being imaginative, original, artistic, intellectual
Openness to Experience
____________: High scores being associated with being dependable, organised, responsible, also a good predictor of job success
Conscientiousness
___________: High scores being associated with energetic, enthusiastic, sociable, and dominant
Extraversion
__________: High scores being associated with friendly, cooperative, trusting and warm
Agreeableness
___________: High scores being associated with nervous, tense, moody
Neuroticism
The big 5 are measured by different ______
Facets
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ facets are: Anxiety Angry hostility Depression Self-consciousness Impulsivity Vulnerability
Neuroticism
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ facets are: Warmth Gregariousness Assertiveness Activity Excitement seeking Positive Emotion
Extraversion
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ facets are: Fantasy Aesthetics Feelings Actions Ideas Values
Openness to Experience
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ facets are: Trust Straightforwardness Altruism Compliance Modesty Tender-mindedness
Agreeableness
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ facets are: Competence Order Dutifulness Achievement striving Self-Discipline Deliberation
Conscientious
Eysenck’s Big 3 Factors
• Biological model which proposes 3 factors
1. __________
2. ___________
3. Psychoticism: tendency toward psychopathology (which involves impulsivity and cruelty); low conscientiousness and agreeableness
Extraversion; Neuroticism
_______ created the EPQ test
Eysenck
Assumption: behaviour is driven by an internal state of disequilibrium was made by who?
Henry Murray
Basic Elements of personality are _____ in Murray’s model
needs
Primary (_________) needs: water, food, air, sex,
Secondary (__________) needs (N=27): nurturance, achievement, affiliation
viscerogenic; psychogenic
According to Murray, needs are arranged in a __________ order
hierarchical
________ used the Thematic Apperception Test as a test of personality of needs
Murray
What are the 3 major needs according to Murray?
Need for Power; Need for Affiliation; Need for Achievement
__________ Motivation
• According to Murray, the need to attain high standard and to be driven to succeed on tasks that are set out by society
• Implicit vs. self-attributed achievement motivation
Achievement
People high in the need for achievement are _______ risk takers
moderate
what are the attributions in achievement motivation?
Stability, Locus, and Control
• Are you motivated to succeed to develop a sense of mastery of the material or to demonstrate your accomplishment with others? (This represents ________ and __________ goals?
mastery; performance
Mastery and performance goals can be further distinguished by ________ and ________ goals
approach; avoidance
Strengths of trait approach
• Description: this approach helps us to _______ personality
• ________ ________: traits can be operationalised
• Parsimony: Could be argued for and against
• Heuristic Value: definitely has produced a lot of research
• Applied Value: very practical; especially across different settings
simplify; Testable Concepts
Criticisms
• Testable Concepts: Reliance on self-report inventories raises issues such as faking, acquiescence and social desirability
• _________: does not state origins of personality according to this perspective, only identifies
• __________ Validity: Trait measures do not always predict behaviour well (situation vs. trait controversy) ________ and _________ low correlations.
Explanations; Empirical; personality and behaviour
Traits are relatively stable, but ________ fluctuate
emotions
• We can however generally identify relatively stable patterns in emotions:
_________
_________
_________
Affectivity; Intensity; Expressiveness
________ Affect: excited, enthusiastic, strong, and happy (related to social activity and relationships)
Positive
_______ Affect: distressed, fearful, sad, nervous,
Negative
_________
• Applies to both positive and negative emotions
• Refers to the strength which people typically experience emotions
Intensity
How much a person displays their emotions (non-verbal cues) is known as __________
Expressiveness
People are relatively consistent as to whether they view the world in a positive or negative light, this is referred to as __________ __________
dispositional optimism
Seligmen’s learned optimism ABC format:
• A _______
• B _______ about adversity
• C consequences of such beliefs
adversity; beliefs
The key to learning optimism is in the formation of beliefs about ________
adversity
Are trait researchers interested in predicting behaviour?
No
What do trait researches research? what type of prediction?
How people who score within a certain segment on the trait continuum typically behave
The ________ approach assumes that all people can be described along a single continuum according to their level of a certain trait; the ________ approach identifies the unique combination of traits that best accounts for the personality of a single individual
The nomothetic; idiographic
According to Allport, on the rare occasion that a single trait will dominate a personality, it should be called a _______ trait
Cardinal
What is one advantage of using the idiographic approach?
The participant not the researcher chooses what traits to examine
Explain a “press”
The situation which activates a need (the need for order is activated by a messy room)
Out of the Big 5 _________ places people along a continuum according to their emotional stability and personal adjustment
Neuroticism
Out of the Big 5 _________ places extreme extroverts at one end, and extreme introverts at the other
extroversion
Out of the Big 5 people high in _________ have an active imagination, a willingness to consider new ideas, divergent thinking, and intellectual curiosity
openness
Out of the Big 5 _________ people are trusting, helpful, and sympathetic
agreeable
Out of the Big 5 ___________ refers to how controlled an self-disciplined we are. People high on this are organised, plan oriented, and determined
Conscientiousness
People high in ________ tend to become more upset over daily stressors than those low on this dimension and are more vulnerable to bouts of anxiety and depression
Neuroticism
People low in ________ tend to be calm, well adjusted, and not prone to extreme emotional reactions
neuroticism
_______ are highly sociable people who also tend to be energetic, optimistic, friendly, and assertive
Extroverts
Research suggests that we have an explicit and implicit need for _________
achievement
What are the three dimensions or attribution?
Locus, Control, Stability
A type _ individual is strongly motivated to overcome obstacles and are driven to achieve
A
A type _ person is relaxed and unhurried
B
________ is the major toxic component of Type A behaviour
Hostility
People high in __________ tend to have strong reactions to the small frustrations and inconveniences we all experience
Hostility
_______ ________ is anxiety specifically related to social interactions or anticipated social interactions
Social Anxiety
People high in ________ _______ expect their social interactions to go poorly and look for evidence that the other person is rejecting them
social anxiety
E____________ A____________ is the underlying cause of social anxiety
Evaluation Apprehension
Do collectivist or individualistic cultures have more shyness?
Collectivist
What are the three personality aspects of emotion?
Affectivity; Intensity; Expressinveness
The behaviour most consistently associated with high positive affect is _______ activity
Social
High scores on negative affect are generally related to psychological ________
stress
Research states that collectivist cultures are more (optimistic/pessimistic); and individualistic cultures are more (optimistic/pessimistic)
Pessimistic; optimistic
_________ deal with adverse situations better than _________
Optimists; Pessimists
Raymond Cattle came up with the personality measurement of __ personality factors
16
L-data is ____ data, (school records, behavioural records)
life
What big five factor is related to: imaginative, original, artistic, intellectual
Openness to Experience
What big five factor is related to: being dependable, organised, responsible
Conscientiousness
What big five factor is related to being warm, friendly, cooperative, and trusting
Agreeableness
What big five factor is related to being nervous, tense, moody
Neuroticism
A\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Angry hostility D\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Self-consciousness Impulsivity Vulnerability
are related to _________
Anxiety; Depression; Neuroticism
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Gregariousness Assertiveness A\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Excitement seeking Positive emotions
are related to ________
Warmth; activity; Extroversion
Fantasy Aesthetics \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Ideas Values
are related to ______ _ __________
Feelings; Actions; Openness to experience
Trust Straightforwardness \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Compliance \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Tender-mindedness
are related to _________
Altruism; Modesty; Agreeableness
Competence O\_\_\_\_\_\_ Dutifulness Achievement striving Self-\_\_\_\_\_\_ Deliberation
are related to _______
Order; discipline; Conscientiousness
In Murray’s Model, primary or secondary needs are more important in personality research?
Secondary, because they are psychogenic
A person who is excited, enthusiastic, strong, and happy could show high positive _______
Affect
A person who is distressed, fearful, and sad shows high negative ________
affect
What big 5 factor is high on Assertiveness
Extraversion
What big 5 factor is high on Altruism?
Agreeableness
What big 5 factor is high on warmth?
Agreeableness
What big 5 factor is high on impulsivity ?
Neuroticism
What big 5 factor is high on modesty ?
Agreeableness
What big 5 factor is high on Depression?
Neuroticism
What big 5 factor is high on feelings?
Openness
What big 5 factor is high on fantasy ?
Openness
What big 5 factor is high on order?
Conscientiousness
What big 5 factor is high on self-discipline ?
Conscientiousness
What big 5 factor is high on excitement seeking?
Extraversion
According to Eysenck, if you were high in impulsivity and cruelty, and low on conscientiousness and agreeableness you would load on the ________ factor
psychoticism
Cattle called the basic traits that make up the human personality ______ traits
source
Ashton and Lee Identified what 6 trait that could be considered a part of the big 5?
Honesty-Humility
Ashton and Lee Identified what 6 trait that could be considered a part of the big 5?
Honesty-Humility
What is Q-data?
Questionnaire data; self reports
What is L-data?
Life data; info gathered about a personas life; such as school records
What is T data?
Test data; Observational accounts
