Week 6 Trait Perspective Flashcards
The _____ Approach identifies relatively stable features of your personality that distinguish you from other individuals
Trait
______ systems discovered how many types of people there were, then identified each persons type
Typology
The ______ divided people into 4 groups: Sanguine; Melancholic; Choleric; and Phlegmatic
Greeks
- _____ (Happy)
- Melancholic (Unhappy)
- _____ (Temperamental)
- Phlegmatic (Apathetic)
Sanguine; Choleric
- _____ (Obese)
- Mesomorphic (Muscular)
- Ectomorphic (Fragile)
Endomorphic
Are Typologies still used as accurate identifiers of personality today?
No
The Typology approach has been replaced with the ____ Approach
Trait
All personality characteristics can be illustrated on the trait ______
continuum
- Trait Psychologists identify characteristics that can be represented along a _______
continuum
- If we were to measure a large number of people and place their scores at appropriate points along the continuum, the scores would be ______ _______
Normally Distributed
A _____ is a dimension of personality used to categorize people according to the degree to which they manifest a particular characteristic
Trait
What are the two Assumptions of the Trait Approach?
Personality characteristics are relatively stable over time
; Personality Characteristics are also stable across situations
Unlike other approaches, no major schools of ______ have evolved from the trait approach to personality
psychotherapy
Gordon Allport acknowledged the _______ of the trait concept from the beginning
limitations
______ Approach: All people can be described along a single dimension according to their level of a certain trait
Nomothetic
Allport referred to traits that apply to everyone _____ traits
common
______ Approach: Identify the unique combination of traits that best accounts for the personality of a single individual
Idiographic
The 5-10 traits that best describe an individual, Allport called the ____ Traits
Central
Allport originally proposed that occasionally a ____ trait will dominate a personality
single
The advantage of using the ________ approach is that the person, not the researcher, determines what traits to examine
idiographic
The Thematic Apperception Test was created by which Trait Psychologist?
Henry Murray
Henry Murray called his approach ______
Personology
Henry Murray identified _____ as the basic elements of personality
needs
Murray described _______ needs as “those with readiness to respond in a certain way under certain conditions”
Psychological
Murray created a list of __ psychogenic needs
27
Murray recognised that whether a need is activated depends on the situation, which he called the;
Press
What was the statistical technique employed in the work of Raymond Cattell?
Factor Analysis
Cattell called the basic traits that make up the human personality ____ Traits
Source
The research undertaken by Donald _____ roughly identified five factors of social adaptability
Fiske
• The big 5 are:
- ________
- Extraversion
- Openness
- _________
- Conscientiousness
Neuroticism; Agreeableness
• The big 5 are:
- Neuroticism
- ________
- Openness
- Agreeableness
- ____________
Extraversion; Conscientiousness;
The trait of _____: Places people along a continuum according to their emotional stability and personal adjustment
Neuroticism
People who frequently experience emotional distress and wide swings in emotions will score high on measures of _______
Neuroticism
Individuals low in ______ tend to be calm, well adjusted, and not prone to extreme emotional reactions
Neuroticism
The Personality factor of ________ places extreme extroverts at one end and extreme introverts at the other
Extraversion
_______ are very sociable people who also tend to be energetic, optimistic, friendly, and assertive
Extraverts
______ refers to openness to experience rather than openness in an interpersonal sense
Openness
People high in _______ have active imagination, a willingness to consider new ideas, divergent thinking, and intellectual curiosity
Openness
Some people high in Openness are also called _______
Intellects
People high in ________ are helpful, trusting, and sympathetic
agreeableness
The ________ dimension of the big 5 refers to how controlled and self-disciplined we are
conscientiousness
People high in _______ are organised, plan-oriented, and determined
conscientiousness
Older adults tend to be higher than younger adults in Conscientiousness and __________
Agreeableness
1; Trait Measures Do Not Predict Behaviour Well; and 2 There is Little Evidence for Cross-Cultural Consistency are the two major criticisms for the _____ approach
Trait
The way of looking at the relationship among traits, situations, and behaviours is called the ____-by-______ Approach
Person; Situation
A personality trait may be a good predictor of behaviour, but psychologists will never know if they don’t measure behaviour _______
reliably
As an alternative to one-item measurement, researchers can _______ data
aggregate
A trait is more likely to predict a person’s ________ if that trait is important, or central, for the person
behaviour
Another argument on the side of personality traits concerns the significance of .30 to ___ correlation coefficients
.40
“importance” or statistical results is a _______ judgement
subjective
______ tests have been used to make hiring and promotion decisions in the workplace for years
Personality
Out of the Big Five personality factors, __________ might be the best predictor of job performance
Conscientiousness
The __________ __________ Personality Inventory is a prototypic self-report inventory test
Minnesota Multiphasic
The MMPI-2 contains 567 ____/_____ Items
True/False
What are common problems with self-report inventories?
Faking, Carelessness and Sabotage, and response tendencies
Social ________: the extent to which people present themselves in a favourable light
Desirability
Predicating _______ in achievement situations has been a focus of personality research
success
The _______ _______ Test is sometimes used to assess the Need for Achievement
Thematic Apperception
High need achievers are ______ risk takers
moderate
Living in either _________ or _________ cultures can predict need for achievement behaviour
individualistic; collectivist
What are the three dimensions of attribution?
Stability, Locus, and Control
Achievement _____ provide targets that people aspire to in achievement situations
Goals
_____ Goals: are concerned with developing confidence
Mastery
_______ Goals: are concerned with demonstrating accomplishment to other
Performance
(Mastery/Performance) goals lead to high achievement
Mastery
Type _ individuals are strongly motivated to overcome obstacles and are driven to achieve
A
Type _ people are relaxed and unhurried
B
There are _ major components that make up a type A trait
3
______ is a toxic component to Type A behaviour and might be related to coronary problems
Hostility
_______ appears to be a widespread social problem
Shyness
_____ ______ is anxiety specifically related to social interactions or anticipated social interactions
Social Anxiety
Shy people are not necessarily ______
Introverts
Evaluation ________: socially anxious people are afraid of what other people think of them
Apprehension
Researchers find more shyness in what cultures?
Collectivist
We can identify relatively stable ______ in emotions that differ person to person
patterns
There are _____ ways our emotions can be examined as relatively stable personal characteristics
three
Researchers use ____ _____ to examine the relation among various emotions
factor analysis
The behaviour most consistently associated with high positive emotional affect is ____ ____
Social Activity
